• 섬유기술과 산업
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.490-508
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• 1998

One of the latest fields of research in the area of output devices is tactual display devices [13,31]. These tactual or haptic devices allow the user to receive haptic feedback output from a variety of sources. This allows the user to actually feel virtual objects and manipulate them by touch. This is an emerging technology and will be instrumental in enhancing the realism of wearable augmented environments for certain applications. Tactual displays have previously been used for scientific visualization in virtual environments by chemists and engineers to improve perception and understanding of force fields and of world models populated with the impenetrable. In addition to tactual displays, the use of wearable audio displays that allow sound to be spatialized are being developed. With wearable computers, designers will soon be able to pair spatialized sound to virtual representations of objects when appropriate to make the wearable computer experience even more realistic to the user. Furthermore, as the number and complexity of wearable computing applications continues to grow, there will be increasing needs for systems that are faster, lighter, and have higher resolution displays. Better networking technology will also need to be developed to allow all users of wearable computers to have high bandwidth connections for real time information gathering and collaboration. In addition to the technology advances that make users need to wear computers in everyday life, there is also the desire to have users want to wear their computers. In order to do this, wearable computing needs to be unobtrusive and socially acceptable. By making wearables smaller and lighter, or actually embedding them in clothing, users can conceal them easily and wear them comfortably. The military is currently working on the development of the Personal Information Carrier (PIC) or digital dog tag. The PIC is a small electronic storage device containing medical information about the wearer. While old military dog tags contained only 5 lines of information, the digital tags may contain volumes of multi-media information including medical history, X-rays, and cardiograms. Using hand held devices in the field, medics would be able to call this information up in real time for better treatment. A fully functional transmittable device is still years off, but this technology once developed in the military, could be adapted tp civilian users and provide ant information, medical or otherwise, in a portable, not obstructive, and fashionable way. Another future device that could increase safety and well being of its users is the nose on-a-chip developed by the Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee. This tiny digital silicon chip about the size of a dime, is capable of 'smelling' natural gas leaks in stoves, heaters, and other appliances. It can also detect dangerous levels of carbon monoxide. This device can also be configured to notify the fire department when a leak is detected. This nose chip should be commercially available within 2 years, and is inexpensive, requires low power, and is very sensitive. Along with gas detection capabilities, this device may someday also be configured to detect smoke and other harmful gases. By embedding this chip into workers uniforms, name tags, etc., this could be a lifesaving computational accessory. In addition to the future safety technology soon to be available as accessories are devices that are for entertainment and security. The LCI computer group is developing a Smartpen, that electronically verifies a user's signature. With the increase in credit card use and the rise in forgeries, is the need for commercial industries to constantly verify signatures. This Smartpen writes like a normal pen but uses sensors to detect the motion of the pen as the user signs their name to authenticate the signature. This computational accessory should be available in 1999, and would bring increased peace of mind to consumers and vendors alike. In the entertainment domain, Panasonic is creating the first portable hand-held DVD player. This device weight less than 3 pounds and has a screen about 6' across. The color LCD has the same 16:9 aspect ratio of a cinema screen and supports a high resolution of 280,000 pixels and stereo sound. The player can play standard DVD movies and has a hour battery life for mobile use. To summarize, in this paper we presented concepts related to the design and use of wearable computers with extensions to smart spaces. For some time, researchers in telerobotics have used computer graphics to enhance remote scenes. Recent advances in augmented reality displays make it possible to enhance the user's local environment with 'information'. As shown in this paper, there are many application areas for this technology such as medicine, manufacturing, training, and recreation. Wearable computers allow a much closer association of information with the user. By embedding sensors in the wearable to allow it to see what the user sees, hear what the user hears, sense the user's physical state, and analyze what the user is typing, an intelligent agent may be able to analyze what the user is doing and try to predict the resources he will need next or in the near future. Using this information, the agent may download files, reserve communications bandwidth, post reminders, or automatically send updates to colleagues to help facilitate the user's daily interactions. This intelligent wearable computer would be able to act as a personal assistant, who is always around, knows the user's personal preferences and tastes, and tries to streamline interactions with the rest of the world.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 화학응집, 펜톤산화, 세라믹 분리막 복합공정을 적용하여 상업적으로 이용되고 있는 반응성 염료의 유기물 및 색도제거 영향을 조사하였다. 화학응집의 경우, $Fe^{3+}$ 응집제 농도를 결정하기 위해 각각의 최적 pH에 따른 응집주입량을 변화시켜 결정하였다. 이때의 최적 값은 RB49(reactive blue 49)가 pH 7에서 2.78 mM, RY84(reactive yellow 84)가 pH 6에서 1.85 mM로 나타났다. 펜톤산화의 경우, $H_2O_2$와 $Fe^{2+}$의 최적의 주입농도를 선정하고 펜톤시약 주입비율을 결정하였다. 이때의 최적 주입비율($[H_2O_2]:[Fe^{2+}]$은 RB49가 4.41:5.73 mM, RY84가 1.15:0.81 mM로 결정되었다. 세라믹 한외여과막의 경우, 펜톤산화 이후 상등액의 투과플럭스와 배제율을 조사하였다. 전체 운전시간인 9시간 동안 RB49와 RY84의 평균 투과플럭스 값은 1 bar일 때 각각 $53.4L/m^2hr$와 $67.4L/m^2hr$이었다. 부가적으로 펜톤산화 상등액을 오프라인 화학세정(5% $H_2SO_4$) 결과, RB49의 평균 투과플럭스 회복율은 98.5-99.9%, RY84는 91.0-97.3%로 나타났다. 복합공정의 전체 COD 제거율은 91.6-95.7%, 색도제거율은 99.8% 이상으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 복합공정 구성을 통하여 반응성염료가 주성분인 염료폐액의 효율적 처리를 위한 공정중의 하나가 될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.375-395
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• 2006

Purpose: Lingual nerve (LN) damage may be caused by either tumor resection or injury such as wisdom tooth extraction, Although autologous nerve graft is sometimes used to repair the damaged nerve, it has the disadvantage of necessity of another operation for nerve harvesting. Moreover, the results of nerve grafting is not satisfactory. The nerve growth factor (NGF) is well-known to play a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration and its local delivery to the injured nerve has been continuously tried to enhance nerve regeneration. However, its application has limitations like repeated administration due to short half life of 30 minutes and an in vivo delivery model must allow for direct and local delivery. The aim of this study was to construct a well-functioning $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus for the ultimate development of improved method to promote peripheral nerve regeneration with enhanced and extended secretion of hNGF from the injured nerve by injecting $rhNGF-{\beta}$ gene directly into crush-injured LN in rat model. Materials and Methods: $hNGF-{\beta}$ gene was prepared from fetal brain cDNA library and cloned into E1/E3 deleted adenoviral vector which contains green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene as a reporter. After large scale production and purification of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, transfection efficiency and its expression at various cells (primary cultured Schwann cells, HEK293 cells, Schwann cell lines, NIH3T3 and CRH cells) were evaluated by fluorescent microscopy, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, the function of rhNGF-beta, which was secreted from various cells infected with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, was evaluated using neuritogenesis of PC-12 cells. For in vivo evaluation of efficacy of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, the LNs of 8-week old rats were exposed and crush-injured with a small hemostat for 10 seconds. After the injury, $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus($2{\mu}l,\;1.5{\times}10^{11}pfu$) or saline was administered into the crushed site in the experimental (n=24) and the control group (n=24), respectively. Sham operation of another group of rats (n=9) was performed without administration of either saline or adenovirus. The taste recovery and the change of fungiform papilla were studied at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Each of the 6 animals was tested with different solutions (0.1M NaCl, 0.1M sucrose, 0.01M QHCl, or 0.01M HCl) by two-bottle test paradigm and the number of papilla was counted using SEM picture of tongue dorsum. LN was explored at the same interval as taste study and evaluated electro-physiologically (peak voltage and nerve conduction velocity) and histomorphometrically (axon count, myelin thickness). Results: The recombinant adenovirus vector carrying $rhNGF-{\beta}$ was constructed and confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequence analysis. GFP expression was observed in 90% of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells compared with uninfected cells. Total mRNA isolated from $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells showed strong RT-PCR band, however uninfected or LacZ recombinant adenovirus infected cells did not. NGF quantification by ELISA showed a maximal release of $18865.4{\pm}310.9pg/ml$ NGF at the 4th day and stably continued till 14 days by $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cells. PC-12 cells exposed to media with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cell revealed at the same level of neurite-extension as the commercial NGF did. $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus injected experimental groups in comparison to the control group exhibited different taste preference ratio. Salty, sweet and sour taste preference ratio were significantly different after 2 weeks from the beginning of the experiment, which were similar to the sham group, but not to the control group.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2014

소조사면을 이용하는 방사선치료기법들은 소조사면내의 측면 전자 비평형, 급격한 선량 변화, 그리고 조사면 크기에 대한 검출기의 기하학적 크기 영향으로 정확한 선량의 평가가 어렵다. 본 연구의 목적은 사이버나이프의 6개의 조사면(5 mm~30 mm)에 대해서 소조사면 선량측정용으로 새롭게 출시되어 상업적으로 이용되고 있는 마이크로다이아몬드(PTW 60019 microDiamond) 검출기의 유용성을 평가하고자 한다. 이를 위해 선량선형성, 선량률의존성, 출력선량계수, 깊이선량백분율 및 축바깥선량비 등의 선량측정인자를 측정하였고, 0.015 cc 부피의 이온전리함(PTW 31014 PinPoint chamber), 다이아몬드 검출기(PTW 60003 diamond), 액체이온함(PTW 31018 microLion), 그리고 다이오드 검출기(PTW 60008 diode)의 측정 결과와 비교 및 평가를 하였다. 그 결과 마이크로다이아몬드 검출기는 선량선형성이 우수하며, 선량률의존성이 적게 나타났다. 또한 사이버나이프 소조사면 측정용으로 상업적으로 권고되고 있는 다이오드 검출기와의 선량측정인자 측정값 3.8%의 차이를 보였다. 또한 깊이선량백분율도 다이오드 검출기의 결과와 유사한 결과를 얻었다. 마이크로다이아몬드 검출기는 유효체적이 작으므로 반음영이 작게 평가되었으며, 다른 검출기들보다도 공간분해능이 높은 것으로 생각된다. 연구 결과 마이크로다이아몬드 검출기는 조직등가물질로 이루어져 있으며, 작은 유효체적으로 광자선 소조사면선량측정 검출기로서 매우 유용한 것으로 판단된다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.605-619
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• 2014

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2013. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of fluid machinery, pipes and relative parts including orifices, dampers and ducts, fuel cells and power plants, cooling and air-conditioning, heat and mass transfer, two phase flow, and the flow around buildings and structures. Research issues dealing with home appliances, flows around buildings, nuclear power plant, and manufacturing processes are newly added in thermal and fluid engineering research area. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for general analytical model for desiccant wheels, the effects of water absorption on the thermal conductivity of insulation materials, thermal properties of Octadecane/xGnP shape-stabilized phase change materials and $CO_2$ and $CO_2$-Hydrate mixture, effect of ground source heat pump system, the heat flux meter location for the performance test of a refrigerator vacuum insulation panel, a parallel flow evaporator for a heat pump dryer, the condensation risk assessment of vacuum multi-layer glass and triple glass, optimization of a forced convection type PCM refrigeration module, surface temperature sensor using fluorescent nanoporous thin film. In the area of pool boiling and condensing heat transfer, researches on ammonia inside horizontal smooth small tube, R1234yf on various enhanced surfaces, HFC32/HFC152a on a plain surface, spray cooling up to critical heat flux on a low-fin enhanced surface were actively carried out. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on a fin tube type adsorber, the mass-transfer kinetics of a fin-tube-type adsorption bed, fin-and-tube heat exchangers having sine wave fins and oval tubes, louvered fin heat exchanger were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, studies are categorized into three groups namely refrigeration cycle, refrigerant and modeling and control. In the category of refrigeration cycle, studies were focused on the enhancement or optimization of experimental or commercial systems including a R410a VRF(Various Refrigerant Flow) heat pump, a R134a 2-stage screw heat pump and a R134a double-heat source automotive air-conditioner system. In the category of refrigerant, studies were carried out for the application of alternative refrigerants or refrigeration technologies including $CO_2$ water heaters, a R1234yf automotive air-conditioner, a R436b water cooler and a thermoelectric refrigerator. In the category of modeling and control, theoretical and experimental studies were carried out to predict the performance of various thermal and control systems including the long-term energy analysis of a geo-thermal heat pump system coupled to cast-in-place energy piles, the dynamic simulation of a water heater-coupled hybrid heat pump and the numerical simulation of an integral optimum regulating controller for a system heat pump. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, twenty one studies were conducted to achieve effective design of the mechanical systems, and also to maximize the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included heating and cooling, HVAC system, ventilation, and renewable energies in the buildings. Proposed designs, performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which can improve the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment is mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment are related to infiltration, ventilation, leak flow and airtightness performance in residential building. The subjects of building energy are worked on energy saving, operation method and optimum operation of building energy systems. The remained studies are related to the special facility such as cleanroom, internet data center and biosafety laboratory. water supply and drain system, defining standard input variables of BIM (Building Information Modeling) for facility management system, estimating capability and providing operation guidelines of subway station as shelter for refuge and evaluation of pollutant emissions from furniture-like products.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 1999년도 The 7th Summer Workshop of the Membrane Society of Korea
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• pp.39-42
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• 1999

Perfluoropolymers represent the ultimate resistance to hostile chemical environments and high service temperature, attributed to the presence of fluorine in the polymer backbone, i.e. to the high bond energy of C-F and C-C bonds of fluorocarbons. Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene (TEE) and 2, 2, 4Trifluoro-5Trifluorometoxy- 1, 3Dioxole (TTD), commercially known as HYFLON AD, are amorphous perfluoropolymers with glass transition temperature (Tg)higher than room temperature, showing a thermal decomposition temperature exceeding 40$0^{\circ}C$. These polymer systems are highly soluble in fluorinated solvents, with low solution viscosities. This property allows the preparation of self-supported and composite membranes with desired membrane thickness. Symmetric and asymmetric perfluoropolymer membranes, made with HYFLON AD, have been prepared and evaluated. Porous and not porous symmetric membranes have been obtained by solvent evaporation with various processing conditions. Asymmetric membranes have been prepared by th wet phase inversion method. Measure of contact angle to distilled water have been carried out. Figure 1 compares experimental results with those of other commercial membranes. Contact angles of about 120$^{\circ}$for our amorphous perfluoropolymer membranes demonstrate that they posses a high hydrophobic character. Measure of contact angles to hexandecane have been also carried out to evaluate the organophobic character. Rsults are reported in Figure 2. The observed strong organophobicity leads to excellent fouling resistance and inertness. Porous membranes with pore size between 30 and 80 nanometers have shown no permeation to water at pressures as high as 10 bars. However high permeation to gases, such as O2, N2 and CO2, and no selectivities were observed. Considering the porous structure of the membrane, this behavior was expected. In consideration of the above properties, possible useful uses in th field of gas- liquid separations are envisaged for these membranes. A particularly promising application is in the field of membrane contactors, equipments in which membranes are used to improve mass transfer coefficients in respect to traditional extraction and absorption processes. Gas permeation properties have been evaluated for asymmetric membranes and composite symmetric ones. Experimental permselectivity values, obtained at different pressure differences, to various single gases are reported in Tab. 1, 2 and 3. Experimental data have been compared with literature data obtained with membranes made with different amorphous perfluoropolymer systems, such as copolymers of Perfluoro2, 2dimethyl dioxole (PDD) and Tetrafluorethylene, commercialized by the Du Pont Company with the trade name of Teflon AF. An interesting linear relationship between permeability and the glass transition temperature of the polymer constituting the membrane has been observed. Results are descussed in terms of polymer chain structure, which affects the presence of voids at molecular scale and their size distribution. Molecular Dyanmics studies are in progress in order to support the understanding of these results. A modified Theodoru- Suter method provided by the Amorphous Cell module of InsightII/Discover was used to determine the chain packing. A completely amorphous polymer box of about 3.5 nm was considered. Last but not least the use of amorphous perfluoropolymer membranes appears to be ideal when separation processes have to be performed in hostile environments, i.e. high temperatures and aggressive non-aqueous media, such as chemicals and solvents. In these cases Hyflon AD membranes can exploit the outstanding resistance of perfluoropolymers.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.419-427
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• 2012

파프리카('Cupra', 'Coletti') 여름작기 재배시 고온기 극복을 위해 내부 차광 스크린(외부광이 $700W{\cdot}m^{-2}$ 이상일 때 차광스크린 작동하여 10~20% 차광률 유지)과 차광제 처리(차광제와 물을 1 : 4의 비율로 희석하여 온실 외부 지붕을 살포 30% 정도의 차광률 유지)의 효과를 분석하고자 연구를 수행하였다. PPFD는 차광제 처리구가 무처리구에 비해 30%, 내부 스크린 처리구에 비해 20% 감소시키는 효과를 보였다. 차광제 처리구에서 무처리구와 내부 스크린 처리구에 비해 PPFD의 감소시키는 효과를 보여 차광제의 차광효과가 더 높았고, 차광제 처리에 의해 온실 내 온도 감소효과가 더 높게 나타났다. 습도 부족분 변화는 무처리구와 내부 스크린 처리구의 경우 오전 9시에 최대 허용범위인 $8g{\cdot}m^{-3}$을 벗어나 각각 오후 2시에 최고 $16.6g{\cdot}m^{-3}$와 $13.8g{\cdot}m^{-3}$까지 도달 했지만, 차광제 처리구에서는 무처리구와 내부 스크린 처리구보다 2시간 뒤인 11시에 $8.6g{\cdot}m^{-3}$으로 허용 범위를 벗어났고, 오후 4시에 최고 $12.1g{\cdot}m^{-3}$까지 상승하여 생육환경 조건이 더 양호해졌다. 차광제 처리구와 내부 스크린 처리구에서 무처리구에 비해 엽온이 $2^{\circ}C$, 과실의 온도가 $5^{\circ}C$, 그리고 꽃의 온도가 $3^{\circ}C$ 정도 낮아지는 효과를 보였다. 차광제 처리구와 내부 스크린 처리구에서 무처리구에 비해 초장이 두 품종 모두에서 유의적으로 길어졌고, 분지수, 경경, 잎크기는 유의성이 인정되지 않았다. 잿빛곰팡이의 발생률은 무처리구에 비해 차광제 처리구에서 품종에 따라 14.7~22.1% 감소하는 효과가 있었다. 과실크기는 차광처리에 의해 두 품종 모두에서 무처리구에 비해 증가하였으나, 심실수, 과피 두께는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 과육의 무게는 차광제 처리구와 내부 스크린 처리구에서 10~15g 증가하였지만, 당도는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 차광에 따른 색도는 차이가 없었고, 경도는 차광 시 약간 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 수량은 무처리구에 비해 차광제 처리구와 내부 스크린 처리구에서 상품율이 11.7~22.6% 증가하였고, 상품과수는 4.0~12.2개로 증가했다. 따라서 무처리구에 비해 차광제 처리구에서 여름철 고온기의 극복에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.89-99
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• 2001

목적: 감마카메라로부터 획득한 신장 영상의 정량적 분석을 통해 신장 기능 평가시 사용되고 있는 기존 상용 프로그램은 사용자 임의의 기능 변경 및 추가가 어려워 응용적 측면에서 단점을 갖고 있다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 기존 상용프로그램의 단점을 극복하고, 사용자가 임상 필요에 따라 기능 변경 및 추가를 쉽게 할 수 있는 분석 프로그램을 개발하여 그 결과의 타당성을 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: 개발된 프로그램은 IDL5.2를 사용하여 작성하였으며, windows운영시스템의 일반 개인용 컴퓨터에서 구현토록 하였다. 프로그램의 기본 성능 구현 및 사구체여과율 계산값의 타당성 검증을 위한 영상자료를 얻기 위해 10명의 정상인을 대상으로 $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA 방사성의약품을 사용하였고, 평균통과시간 계산값의 타당성 검증을 위한 영상자료를 얻기 위해 정상인 11명의 22개의 신장을 대상으로 $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA와 $^{99m}Tc$-MAG3를 사용하여 수분공급에 따른 평균통과시간 분석을 시행하였다. 신장영상은 Siemens사의 단일헤드 감마카메라(ORBITOR)를 통해 획득하였다. 정량적 분석을 위한 관심영역 설정은 수동설정 외에 자동설정 기능도 함께 개발하여 구현토록 하였다. 사구체여과율 계산을 위해 Gates방법을 사용하였고, 평균통과시간 계산을 위해 역중첩 방법과 적합한 여과 방법을 적용하여 안정된 값을 구하였다. 결과: 개발한 프로그램으로 시간별 신장영상과 각 관심영역 내에서의 시간방사능곡선을 도시할 수 있었고, 사구체여과율, 평균통과시간 및 좌 우 신장의 상대적 기능 외에 각 관심영역에서 최대방사능도달시간($T_{max}$)과 중간방사능도달시간($T_{1/2}$)과 같은 시간방사능곡선과 관련된 값들도 함께 계산하였다. 10명의 신장 영상 자료를 대상으로 개발된 프로그램으로 분석한 값들과 Siemens사의 기존 상용 분석 프로그램(MPE)으로 계산한 값들을 서로 비교, 분석한 결과, 통계학적으로 차이가 없음(최대 방사능도달시간: p=0.68, 상대신장기능: p=1.0, 사구체여과율: p=0.25)을 보여 개발한 프로그램이 타당성이 있음을 입증하였다. 평균통과시간 계산값의 타당성 검토와 관련하여, Siemens사의 상용 분석 프로그램에는 해당 기능이 없어 계산값의 비교를 통한 검증은 수행하지 못하였고, 수화(hydration)와 탈수(dehydration) 각각의 조건에 따른 신장기능 분석에 적용하였을 때, 판별 기준이 되는 유의미한 값을 산출하여 타당성 검증을 대신하였다. 결론: 이 연구에서 개발한 핵의학 영상의 정량적 분석을 통한 신장기능 분석 프로그램을 사용하여 신장 기능을 분석한 결과, 타당성 있는 결과를 도출하여 그 유용성을 입증하였다. 이 개발 프로그램은 좀 더 다양한 임상응용 목적의 분석기능을 사용자가 직접 개발, 추가하기가 용이하여 기존 상용 프로그램보다 연구적 활용범위가 크다고 사료된다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.109-133
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• 2007

The legal labyrinth through which we have just walked is one in which even a highly proficient lawyer could easily become lost. Warsaw Convention's original objective of uniformity of private international aviation liability law has been eroded as the world community ha attempted again to address perceived problems. Efforts to create simplicity and certainty of recovery actually may have created less of both. In any particular case, the issue of which international convention, intercarrier agreement or national law to apply will likely be inconsistent with other decisions. The law has evolved faster for some nations, and slower for others. Under the Warsaw Convention of 1929, strict liability is imposed on the air carrier for damage, loss, or destruction of cargo, luggage, or goods sustained either: (1) during carriage in air, which is comprised of the period during which cargo is 'in charge of the carrier (a) within an aerodrome, (b) on board the aircraft, or (c) in any place if the aircraft lands outside an aerodrome; or (2) as a result of delay. By 2007, 151 nations had ratified the original Warsaw Convention, 136 nations had ratified the Hague Protocol, 84 had ratified the Guadalajara Protocol, and 53 nations had ratified Montreal Protocol No.4, all of which have entered into force. In November 2003, the Montreal Convention of 1999 entered into force. Several airlines have embraced the Montreal Agreement or the IATA Intercarrier Agreements. Only seven nations had ratified the moribund Guatemala City Protocol. Meanwhile, the highly influential U.S. Second Circuit has rendered an opinion that no treaty on the subject was in force at all unless both affected nations had ratified the identical convention, leaving some cases to fall between the cracks into the arena of common law. Moreover, in the United States, a surface transportation movement prior or subsequent to the air movement may, depending upon the facts, be subject to Warsaw, or to common law. At present, International private air law regime can be described as a "situation of utter chaos" in which "even legal advisers and judges are confused." The net result of this barnacle-like layering of international and domestic rules, standards, agreements, and criteria in the elimination of legal simplicity and the substitution in its stead of complexity and commercial uncertainty, which manifestly can not inure to the efficient and economical flow of world trade. All this makes a strong case for universal ratification of the Montreal Convention, which will supersede the Warsaw Convention and its various reformulations. Now that the Montreal Convention has entered into force, the insurance community may press the airlines to embrace it, which in turn may encourage the world's governments to ratify it. Under the Montreal Convention, the common law defence is available to the carrier even when it was not the sole cause of the loss or damage, again making way for the application of comparative fault principle. Hopefully, the recent entry into force of the Montreal Convention of 1999 will re-establish the international legal uniformity the Warsaw Convention of 1929 sought to achieve, though far a transitional period at least, the courts of different nations will be applying different legal regimes.

• 환경생물
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.351-368
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• 2004

기아시와 포식시 버들치, Rhynchocypris oxycephalus(Sauvage and Dabry)에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 조직학적 및 생화학적 변화, 체절단면 계측형질 변화 그리고 계측형질 변화에 대하여 조사하였다. 기아에 따른 버들치의 생화학적, 조직학적 변화를 파악하기 위해, 간의 간중량지수, 단백질함량, RNA량 및 DNA량 조사와 더불어 간세포 및 중장 상피세포의 조직학적 조사를 실시한 결과, 기아군은 포식군에 비해 간의 단백질함량, RNA량 및 DNA량에서 높은 값을 보였지만, 먹이 공급 중단은 버들치의 간중량지수, 간세포 핵 크기 및 중장 상피세포 핵 높이에 있어서 감소를 나타내었다. 본 실험에서 조사된 RNA-DNA비는 버들치의 영양상태 파악 지수로 유용하였으며 또한, 버들치 표본 시기에서의 높은 성장 단계인지 혹은 낮은 성장 단계인지의 성장 활성 파악을 가능케 하였다. 본 연구 결과의 자료를 구체적으로 해석 하였으며, 아울러 다수의 생물학적 중요 연관 사항들을 고찰하였다. 버들치 기아시의 영양상태 평가를 위하여 비만도, 내장괴지수, Dressing 비를 비롯한 체횡단 절단면에서의 형태적변화를 조사하였다. 9주간의 기아시 비만도, 내장괴지수 및 대부분의 체횡단 절단면 계측형질들에서의 감소를 보였다(P<0.05). 본 연구 결과, 실험에 적용된 영양성 Parameter는 본 종의 영양상태 파악에 유용한 지표임을 시사한다. 연구 결과를 자세히 해석하여, 버들치에서의 주요 체 절단 형질의 산업성을 논의하였다. 버들치에서의 75일간 기아가 Classical dimension과 Truss dimension에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. Truss dimension인 경우 포식시와 기아시 복강을 비롯한 머리 부위와 몸통부위가 유의하게 증가하였다(P< 0.05). Truss dimension의 꼬리부위 특히, 몸통의 뒷부분이 포식과 기아시 일반적으로 감소하였다. Classical dimension인 경우 포식시 꼬리부위가 감소한 반면, 기아시 몸통부위와 꼬리부위에서의 체고 관련 형질에 연관시 머리부위에서의 형질들이 유의하게 감소하였다. 본 연구 결과 Truss dimension은 Classical dimension을 보완하여 어체의 수직방향 연관 형질 파악도 가능케 하였다. Truss dimension과 Classical dimension인 경우 포식시와 기아시 머리 아랫부위는 거의 영향이 없어, 본 형질은 버들치속 어류의 분류학적측면에서 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 버들치에서 체고와 연관된 몸통부위 형질들은 상이한 서식지에 기인된, 다양한 먹이공급 차이의 파악에 유용하리라 사료된다.