• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.624-627
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• 2008

After announcing a special law for promotion of urban regeneration, urban regeneration project expand a scale. The urban regeneration project is purposing of increasing the public well-being and elavation quality of life citizen. But it is comprehention the making many conflict in phase of project promotion. A project is taken participation many stakeholds. So it is generated a multiplicity of conflict. It is survey placing an example of conflict to basis of paper news. So an example of conflict is studied total 44. Among of them, phase of project operation and management disposial was occupied to many ratios. The participation of the residents made only to specify the project district. What doesn't reflect the opinion of residents cause of after approved to specify It is classified those conflicts by procedure to study. It will make reduce the government role and between the residents and contractor will enable coordination comment in way to resolve conflicts between the subject's participation. That is to say, reflection the opinions of residents to actively of way is presenting variation of the process and change in the choice way of construction company.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.30 no.1_2
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• pp.19-30
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• 2003

Based upon XML, a standard document format on the web, there have been many active studies on e-Commerce, wireless communication, multimedia technology and so forth. JML is an XML application suitable for understanding and reusing the source code written using JAVA for various purposes. And it is a DTD which can effectively express various information related to hierarchical class structures, class/method relationships and so on. This paper describes a tool which generates JML document by extracting a comment information from Java source code and information helpful for reusing and understanding by JML in terms of the reverse engineering and a tool which generates a skeleton code of Java application program from the document information included in the automatically or manually generated JML document in terms of the forward engineering. By using the result of this study, the information useful and necessary for understanding, analyzing or maintaining the source code can be easily acquired and the document of XML format makes it easy for developers and team members to share and to modify the information among them. And also, the Java skeleton coed generated form JML documents is a reliable robust code, which helps for developing a complete source code and reduces the cost and time of a project.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.217-248
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• 2018

This paper reviews the Supreme Court of Japan in Decision of December 12, 2017, 2016 (Kyo) 43 (2011) concerning arbitrator's duty of disclosure and reasonable investigation under the Japan Arbitration Act (Arbitration Act). The Supreme Court of Japan recently issued a precedential decision interpreting, for the first time, the arbitrator disclosure requirements of the Arbitration Act. Under Article 18(4) of the Arbitration Act, arbitrators have an ongoing obligation to disclose circumstances which may give rise to justifiable doubts as to their impartiality or independence. The Supreme Court held that Article 18(4) of the Arbitration Act - requiring arbitrators to disclose all "facts likely to give rise to doubts as to his/her impartiality or independence" - (1) is not satisfied by blanket disclosures or advance waivers of potential future conflicts, and (2) requires disclosure of facts both known to an arbitrator or "that can be normally ascertained by an investigation that is reasonably possible${\cdots}$" This new standard presents opportunities and challenges for enforcing arbitration awards in Japan, and suggests measures that both arbitrators and parties can use to protect their awards. Also, the Supreme Court's new standards for evaluating arbitrator conflict disclosures suggest some measures that both arbitrators and parties to arbitration in Japan can take to protect the enforceability of their awards. The key factual question posed by the Supreme Court's ruling was whether an arbitrator's conflicts check was reasonable. Maintaining records regarding a review of potential conflicts or any investigation provides a ready source of proof in case of a future challenge. The Supreme Court has spoken clearly that so-called advance waivers of potential conflicts are not effective under Japanese law. Instead, to the extent that potential conflicts arise during the course of arbitration, they should be specifically disclosed.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.145-174
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• 2009

Based on the thinking that people can understand more clearly when the problem is related with their prior knowledge, the Purpose of this study was to analysis students' informal knowledge, which is constructed through their mathematical experience in the context of real-world situations. According to this purpose, the following research questions were. 1) What is the characteristics of students' informal knowledge about fraction before formal fraction instruction in school? 2) What is the difference of informal knowledge of fraction according to reasoning ability and grade. To investigate these questions, 18 children of first, second and third grade(6 children per each grade) in C elementary school were selected. Among the various concept of fraction, part-whole fraction, quotient fraction, ratio fraction and measure fraction were selected for the interview. I recorded the interview on digital camera, drew up a protocol about interview contents, and analyzed and discussed them after numbering and comment. The conclusions are as follows: First, students already constructed informal knowledge before they learned formal knowledge about fraction. Among students' informal knowledge they knew correct concepts based on formal knowledge, but they also have ideas that would lead to misconceptions. Second, the informal knowledge constructed by children were different according to grade. This is because the informal knowledge is influenced by various experience on learning and everyday life. And the students having higher reasoning ability represented higher levels of knowledge. Third, because children are using informal knowledge from everyday life to learn formal knowledge, we should use these informal knowledge to instruct more efficiently.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.23-43
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine and analyse factors related to the actual status and practice of breast-feeding during an infant period to grasp elements detrimental to breast-feeding and, therefore, provide basic information useful for its effective practice and encouragement. Method: From April 1 to June 30, 2001, this study was carried out with the mothers of 337 who were 6 months old, as of the surveyed date, of infants born in 2002 and registered in Seongju-gun Public Health Center, Gyeongsangbug-do Province. The method for its survey included both of the visiting and telephone interviews, and questions were mainly about the mothers' general characteristics(3 questions), infants' general characteristics(3 questions), environmental characteristics of infant delivery( 4 questions), support to breast-feeding(4 questions), understanding of breast-feeding(5 questions), and feeding type during the 1 to 6-month period after birth. Result: 1. The feeding type during the I-month period after birth showed that the breast-feeding accounted for 42.4%, which was higher than dry milk-feeding(30%) or mixed milk-feeding(26.8%). However, it began to be lower than the dry milk-feeding from the 2-month period after birth. During the 6-month period, the breast-feeding accounted for 28.6% which was lower than 56.5% of the dry milk-feeding. 2. The mothers who were encouraged by their delivery clinic to and were educated to breast-feed infants accounted for 55.4% and 41.4%, respectively, which were relatively low. The understanding of breast-feeding indicated that the responses were positive from the view point of mother ＆ infant health, but negative from mother's physical form. 3. It was shown that the lower the educational background of mother(p〈0.05) and the higher the unemployment of mother(p〈0.001), the higher the positive understanding of breast-feeding, and that the higher the entire support to breast-feeding, the more positive their understanding. 4. It was also shown that the lower the educational background of mother(p〈0.05), the higher the unemployment of mother(p〈0.001), the more the experience in breast-feeding at a delivery clinic(p〈0.01) and the faster the initial feeding(p〈0.001), the higher the rate of breast-feeding. 5. The factor having an effect on breast-feeding included a delivery clinic's encouragement to breast-feed(p〈0.001), understanding of breast-feeding(p〈0.01), father's comment on feeding method(p〈0.05) and mother's employment(p〈0.05). Discussion: In order to encourage the breast-feeding, as shown above, it is required, fist of all, to offer pregnant women an education about importance and excellence of breast-feeding and its appropriate method before delivery in advance to result in a positive comprehension of the breast-feeding. To do that, both the publicity activities and program development designed to encourage the breast-feeding must be performed in advance at the government level. In addition to that, the mother-infant space as ‘rooming-in’ available for breast-feeding immediately after delivery must be prepared on the basis of legal and administrative support. Finally, female employees' leave after childbirth must be performed for the purpose of productive welfare and circumstances also be prepared for breast-feeding, such as a children's home at work.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.469-476
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• 1998

In the case of acquisition and displaying medical Images such as ultrasonography and endoscopy on VGA monitor of PC system, image degradation of tear-drop appears through scan conversion. In this study, we compare several methods which can solve this degradation and implement the hardware system that resolves this problem in real-time with PC. It is possible to represent high quality image display and real-time processing and acquisition with specific de-interlacing device and PCI bridge on our hardware system. Image quality is improved remarkably on our hardware system. It is implemented as PC-based system, so acquiring, saving images and describing text comment on those images and PACS networking can be easily implemented.metabolism. All images were spatially normalized to MNI standard PET template and smoothed with 16mm FWHM Gaussian kernel using SPM96. Mean count in cerebral region was normalized. The VOls for 34 cerebral regions were previously defined on the standard template and 17 different counts of mirrored regions to hemispheric midline were extracted from spatially normalized images. A three-layer feed-forward error back-propagation neural network classifier with 7 input nodes and 3 output nodes was used. The network was trained to interpret metabolic patterns and produce identical diagnoses with those of expert viewers. The performance of the neural network was optimized by testing with 5~40 nodes in hidden layer. Randomly selected 40 images from each group were used to train the network and the remainders were used to test the learned network. The optimized neural network gave a maximum agreement rate of 80.3% with expert viewers. It used 20 hidden nodes and was trained for 1508 epochs. Also, neural network gave agreement rates of 75~80% with 10 or 30 nodes in hidden layer. We conclude that artificial neural network performed as well as human experts and could be potentially useful as clinical decision support tool for the localization of epileptogenic zones.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.29
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• pp.341-366
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• 2012

'Headline Database of Newspaper Articles' is a database which contains about 141,500 newspaper articles from 1949 to March, 2009. They are collected from two perspectives; 'language' and 'language life' by KOKKEN. There were 3312 newspaper articles (about 2.34%) which included the word ONNA at 'Headline Database of Newspaper Articles'. The number of newspaper articles related to ONNA started to increase in 1975 but they decreased afterwards. They increased rapidly in 1980 and maintained the condition. However, they started to decrease rapidly in 1990 and maintained the decreased condition. They increased rapidly again in 2004 and 2007. The main causes of rapid increase were the commercial message of instant noodles "I am the one who is making. I am the one who is eating." in 1975, newspaper articles related to "Starting of full-scale studies on female language" in 1980, comments of "active women" and "men's crime" related to a murder case of an elementary school student in Sasebo City and mixed attendance books in 2004, a comment of "Women are machines which give birth to babies" in 2007. Those six causes of rapid increase suggested that the perception of gender such as 'Men need to work outside and Women need to do housework and take care of child' which was fixed until then was changing and becoming a stereotype of virtual reality rather than reality. The vocabulary related to ONNA appeared 3411 times among 3312 newspaper articles which included ONNA. Typical forms of the vocabulary related to ONNA were and . They appeared 2390 times and occupied 70% of the whole data. (3411 times) The form of ONNANOKO among the vocabulary related to ONNA appeared 113 times and occupied a high rate. ONNANOKO(113) and other words such as SHOJO(115), JOJI(28), YOJO(9) (152 in total) implied that appearing of young women at newspaper articles were increasing. Also, the vocabulary related to 'female language' such as ONNAKOTOBA(28) ONNANOKOTOBA(10) and a woman's heart such as ONNAGOKORO(35) and ONNANOKIMOCHI(34) appeared frequently. The vocabulary related to JOSEI were divided into <$JOSEI^{**}$> and <$^{**}JOSEI$>. <$JOSEI^{**}$> were mainly related to an occupation. <$^{**}JOSEI$> were mainly used to express women by regional groups such as or combined with modifiers to express women such as . In case with modifiers, WAKAIJOSEI appeared 35 times and showed the highest frequency. It had negative evaluations in many cases. The vocabulary related to JOSI appeared on the form of <$JOSI^{**}$> and mainly associated with 'a girl's school' and 'a female student'.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.117
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• pp.355-372
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• 2011

G. Deleuze a $exerc{\acute{e}}$ sa philosophie $cin{\acute{e}}mathographique$ dans ses œuvres essentielles $Cin{\acute{e}}ma$ 1: l'Image-Mouvement(Minuit:1983) et $Cin{\acute{e}}ma$ 2: l'Image-Temps(Minuit:1985) qui n'indiquent pas l'histoire $cin{\acute{e}}mathographique$ mais la taxinomie, et par $cons{\acute{e}}quent$, de l'image et du code. Cette ${\acute{e}}tude$ consiste donc $\grave{a}$ rendre compte la de l'image que G. Deleuze touche dans cette $d{\acute{e}}finition$ et $\grave{a}$ $v{\acute{e}}rifier$ quelles images peuvent ${\hat{e}}tre$ $cat{\acute{e}}goris{\acute{e}}es$: comment. Nous distinguons l'image-mouvement et l'image-temps qui sont les $cat{\acute{e}}gories$ essentielles chez $Cin{\acute{e}}ma$. C'est surtout sur ce point que nous insistons. Dans ce cas, nous discutons aussi de la question des spectateurs du film qui conduit. Cette question permet susciter de la $mani{\grave{e}}re$ $d^{\prime}{\hat{e}}tre$ des spectateurs entre le film qui est $compos{\acute{e}}$ de l'image-mouvement dont G. Deleuze decrit comme 'classique' et le film qui est $trait{\acute{e}}$ de l'lmage-temps dont il $d{\acute{e}}finit$ comme 'moderne': quelle variation. Dans ce point $d^{\prime}{\acute{e}}tude$, G. Deuleuze ecrit cette question $mentionn{\acute{e}}e$ $\grave{a}$ travers son oeuvre $Cin{\acute{e}}ma$($\grave{a}$ voir ch.7, Volume2).

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.130
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• pp.135-159
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• 2014

This article has the purpose of clarifying that Rollo May's existential psychotherapy is based on Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety in philosophical aspects. May makes use of Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety to establish his own existential psychotherapy. May points out that Freud's concept of anxiety is too technical in comparison with Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety. Freudian theory accepting anxiety as the cause of repression overlooks the importance of human relationship which brings about repression. May mentions the presence or absence of object to distinguish fear and anxiety. Kierkegaard and Freud also mention that the presence of object is called fear and the absence of object is anxiety. May interprets anxiety ontologically. Succeeding Kierkegaard's comment on nothing/non-being, May insists that anxiety is the experience of Being affirming itself against Nonbeing. May interprets Kierkegaard's concept of freedom as the possibility or potentiality in terms of similar meaning. May argues that Anxiety is the situation when faced with the problem which human being will achieve his potentiality. Kierkegaard's concept of freedom is also associated with sin at the same time as the freedom associated with anxiety. Succeeding this, May discusses the relation of guilt feeling and anxiety is the flipside of the coin. He understands that guilt feeling is not a pathological symptom but an evidence of the human being's possibility. Kierkegaard's The Concept of Anxiety has a sub-title which is 'a simple psychologically orienting deliberation on the dogmatic issue of hereditary sin'. This shows that he understood the relationship between anxiety and guilt as dilemma that can not be separated. Through this study, I want to clarify that May's concept of anxiety which is the most important concept in his existential psychotherapy, is derived from Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.221-227
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• 2021

In this paper, we conducted word-to-word similarity analysis of standardized datasets collected through web crawling for 10,000 Vertical Noise Mouses using Word2Vec, and made 92 students of computer engineering use the products presented for 5 days, and conducted self-report questionnaire analysis. The questionnaire analysis was conducted by collecting the words in the form of a narrative form and presenting and selecting the top 50 words extracted from the word frequency analysis and the word similarity analysis. As a result of analyzing the similarity of e-commerce user's product review, pain (.985) and design (.963) were analyzed as the advantages of click keywords, and the disadvantages were vertical (.985) and adaptation (.948). In the descriptive frequency analysis, the most frequently selected items were Vertical (123) and Pain (118). Vertical (83) and Pain (75) were selected for the advantages of selecting the long/demerit similar words, and adaptation (89) and buttons (72) were selected for the disadvantages. Therefore, it is expected that decision makers and product planners of medium and small enterprises can be used as important data for decision making when the method applied in this study is reflected as a new product development process and a review strategy of existing products.