• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.190-195
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• 2011

Effects of ethylene-propylene diene monomer (EPDM)/polypropylene (PP), zinc oxide, stearic acid, and clay on the combustive properties based on EPDM/PP were investigated. The EPDM/PP/clay nanocomposites was compounded to prepare specimen for combustive analysis by cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). It was found that the combustive properties in the nanocomposites decreased due to the fire resistance compared with unfilld EDPM/PP. The nanocomposites showed the lower peak heat release rate (PHRR) than that of virgin EPDM/PP, while stearic acid for softening ruber increased the mean heat release rate (MHRR) by itself, combustible.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.69-75
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• 2011

It was performed to test the combustive properties of low density polyethylene and ethylene vinyl acetate (LDPE-EVA) composite by the addition of magnesium hydroxide. Flame retardant of natural magnesium hydroxide was added to the mixture of LDPE-EVA in 40 to 80 wt% concentration. The composite was compounded to prepare specimen for combustive analysis by cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). Comparing with virgin LDPE-EVA, the specimens including the magnesium hydroxide had lower flashover possibility. It is supposed that the combustive properties in the composites decreased due to the endothermic decomposition of magnesium hydroxide. The specimens with magnesium hydroxide showed both the lower total heat release rate (THR) and lower CO production rate than those of virgin polymer. As the magnesium hydroxide content increases, the total smoke release (THR) and smoke extinction area (SEA) decreased.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.115-121
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• 2010

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of Pinus rigida-based materials by the treatment of ammonium salts. Pinus rigida plate was soaked in three 20 wt% ammonium salt solutions such as ammonium sulfate (AMSF), monoammonium phosphate (MAPP), and diammonium phosphate (DAPP), respectively, at the room temperature. After drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustive properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). Comparing with virgin pinus rigida plate, specimens treated with the ammonium salts had lower combustive properties and It is supposed that the combustion-retardation properties improved due to the treated ammonium salts in the virgin Pinus rigida. Also, the specimens with treated ammonium salts showed both the lower peak heat release rate (PHRR) and lower total heat release (THR) than those of virgin plate.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.633-638
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• 2013

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of pinus rigida specimens treated with bis-(dimethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid, bis-(diethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DEDAP), and bis-(dibuthylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid. Pinus rigida specimens were painted in three times with 15 wt% bis-(dialkylaminoalkyl) phosphinic acid solutions at the room temperature. After drying the treated specimens, combustive properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). Combustion-retardation properties were found to be improved partially due to the treated bis-(dialkylaminoalkyl) phosphinic acids in the virgin pinus rigida. In particular, the specimens treated with DEDAP showed both the lower total heat release rate ($60.9MJ/m^2$) and effective heat of combustion (15.20 MJ/kg) than those of virgin plates. Compared with virgin pinus rigida plates, specimens treated with the bis-dialkylamimoalkyl phosphinic acid derivatives showed partially low combustive properties.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.439-443
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• 2011

It was performed to test the combustive properties of low density polyethylene and ethylene vinyl acetate (LDPE-EVA) mixture by the addition of magnesium hydroxide. Flame retardant of natural magnesium hydroxide was added to the mixture of LDPE-EVA in 40 to 80 wt% concentration. The composite was compounded to prepare specimen for combustive analysis by cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). Comparing with virgin LDPE-EVA, the specimens including the magnesium hydroxide had lower combustive properties. It is supposed that the combustion-retardation properties in the composites improved due to the endothermic decomposition of magnesium hydroxide. The specimens with magnesium hydroxide showed both the lower peak heat release rate (PHRR) and lower effective heat of combustion (EHC) than those of virgin polymer. As the magnesium hydroxide content increases, time to ignition increased and the peak heat release rate decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.410-417
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• 2011

Effects of ethylene-propylene diene monomer (EPDM)/polypropylene (PP), zinc oxide, stearic acid, and clay on the combustive properties based on EDPM/PP were investigated. The EDPM/PP/clay nanocomposites was compounded to prepare specimen for combustive analysis by cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). It was found that the specific mass loss rate (SMLR) in the nanocomposites decreased due to the fire resistance compared with unfilled EDPM/PP, while the nanocomposites showed the higher total heat release (THR), higher CO production release, and higher specific extinction area (SEA) than those of virgin EPDM/PP. The stearic acid for softening ruber increased the THR and amount of smoke by itself, combustible.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.28-34
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• 2014

Two kinds of new piperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid $M^{n+}$ ($PIPEABPM^{n+}$) were synthesized and their combustive properties of Pinus rigida plates treated with $PIPEABPM^{n+}$ were tested in comparison with the previously synthesized chemicals. Pinus rigida specimens were painted in three times with 15 wt% $PIPEABPM^{n+}$ solutions at the room temperature. After drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustive properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). As a result, the combustion-retardation properties were partially increased by due to the treated $PIPEABPM^{n+}$ solutions in the virgin Pinus rigida. Especially, the specimens treated with $PIPEABPM^{n+}$ showed both the lower peak heat release rate ($HRR_{peak}$) (173.48~145.36) s and total heat release rate (THRR) (73.0~55.2) $MJ/m^2$ than those of virgin piperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (PIPEABP)-plate. Compared with virgin PIPEABP-plate, the specimens treated with the $PIPEABPM^{n+}$ showed low combustive properties. However the specimens treated with $PIPEABPM^{n+}$ showed both the shorter time to ignition (TTI) (58~18) s and the time to flameout (Tf) (564~456) s than those of virgin PIPEABP-plate by increasing the thermal conductivity.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.71-79
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• 2014

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of Medium Density Fibreboards (MDFs) treated with chemicals of the bis-(dimethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DMDAP), N,N-dimethylethylenediaminomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (DMDEDAP), piperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (PIPEABP), and methylpiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (MPIPEABP). MDFs were painted in three times with 15 wt% solution of the bis-(dimethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid and alkylenediaminoalkyl-bis-phosphonic acids at the room temperature, respectively. After drying MDF treated with chemicals, combustive properties and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contents were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1), test for flame retardant (NEMA Notice No. 2012034), and gas chromatography (KS M ISO 11890-2), respectively. It was indicated that the MDFs treated with chemicals showed the longer time to combustion time (CT) = (442~492) s than that of virgin plate by reducing the burning rate except for CT treated with DMDAP. In adition, the MDFs treated with chemicals showed both of the higher char area (44.33~61.33) kg/kg and char length (10.33~11.67) cm than those of virgin plate. Especially, the MDFs treated with chemicals showed the higher mean volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (0.188~0.333) g/L than that of virgin plate within the prescribed limits. Thus, It is supposed that the combustion- retardation properties were improved by the partial due to the treated chemicals in the virgin MDF.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.21-26
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• 2013

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of Pinus rigida plates treated with bis-(dimethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DMDAP), bis-(diethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DEDAP), and bis-(dibuthylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DBDAP). Pinus rigida specimens were painted in three times with 15 wt% bis-(dialkylaminoalkyl) phosphinic acid solutions at the room temperature. After drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustive properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). It is supposed that the combustion-retardation properties were improved by the partial due to the treated bis-(dialkylaminoalkyl) phosphinic acids in the virgin Pinus rigida. Especially, the specimens treated with chemicals showed both the lower total smoke release rate (TSRR) ($16.94{\sim}18.92m^2/m^2$) and lower $CO_{2mean}$ production (1.98~2.09 kg/kg) than those of virgin plate. However the specimens treated with chemicals showed both the higher peak mass loss rate (PMLR) (0.1250~0.1297 g/s) and higher 1st-smoke production rate (SPR) (0.0153~0.0167 g/s) than those of virgin plate. Compared with virgin Pinus rigida plate, the specimens treated with the bis-dialkylamimoalkyl phosphinic acids showed partially low combustive properties.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.616-620
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• 2013

In this work, the combustive properties of the swine manure, poultry manure, and mixtures based on the resource recycling-energy were investigated. After the specimens were dried to a constant weight by dry oven, combustive properties were tested by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). It was found that the peak effective heat of combustion (PEHC) in the swine manure (78.72 MJ/kg) has risen due to more amount of the hydrocabon compared with poultry manure (69.41 MJ/kg), also the swine manure increased both of the higher $CO_2$ production rate (0.1959 g/s) and total smoke release rate (THRR) ($419m^2/m^2$) than those of the poultry manure. However, both of the CO production release (0.0996 kg/kg) and CO production rate (0034 g/s) in the poultry manure increased due to more amount of the inorganic contents compared with swine manure. Thus, the high combustion energy is expected to generate depend on the hydrocarbon content.