• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2013

송아지는 초유를 통해서만 모체항체를 받을 수 있기 때문에 신생우가 분만초기에 초유를 섭취하는 것은 질병에 대한 저항성을 갖추기 위해 필수적이다. 따라서 분만 후 잉여 초유를 저장하였다가 초유섭취가 부족한 신생우에 공급하여 충분한 항체를 갖도록 하는 것이 일반적인 사양법이다. 본 연구에서는 국내 3곳의 지역에서 운영되는 초유은행에서 저장된 35개의 초유를 무작위로 수거하여 일반세균오염과 주요 병원체들을 검사하였고 면역글로불린의 농도와 BVDV 특이 항체가를 측정하여 초유의 면역학적 품질을 평가하였다. 초유은행에서 수거된 대부분의 초유에서 중등도에서 고도의 세균오염이 관찰되었다. 또한 대부분의 초유가 좋은 품질의 초유라고 판단되는 50 g/L의 IgG 농도에 미치지 못하는 IgG를 포함하고 있었다. 따라서 초유은행 보관용 초유는 청결한 채취법에 따라 분만 후 2-3회 이하로 착유한 초유를 사용하여 안전성과 품질을 보장하여야 할 것이다. 또한 $63^{\circ}C$에서 30분간 실시하는 저온살균이 면역글로불린의 파괴를 최소화하는 동시에 초유에 의한 질병전파를 확연히 줄여주는 것으로 관찰되었으므로 냉동보관 전에 초유의 저온살균 과정을 반드시 실시하는 것이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.179-184
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• 2009

본 연구는 젖소 초유를 마우스에 급여후 성장과 사료섭취에 관하여 연구한 것이다. 초유구, 시유구, 대조구로 나누어 각 시험구당 10마리씩 나누어 실험하였다. 마우스의 사료섭취는 시험기간 2주 동안 대조구는 4.73 g, 시유구는 3.95 g, 초유구는 3.4.1g 이었다. 마우스의 시유 및 초유섭취는 시험기간 2주 동안 대조구는 0 g, 시유구는 9.93 g 섭취, 초유구는 10.17 g을 섭취하였다. 물 섭취는 2주간 대조구가 6.28 g, 시유구가 4.74 g, 초유구가 4.67 g을 섭취하였다. 마우스의 증체율은 초유구가 대조구에 비해서 16.73%(P<0.05) 높았다. 마우스 혈액으로부터 조사한 엘러지와 관련된 사이토카인 IL-4는 초유에서 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 젖소 초유가 마우스의 증체율 및 사료 섭취에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.281-286
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 초유를 장기간 보관하는 동시에 유산균의 함량을 증진시킨 발효초유를 Holstein 송아지의 성장 및 설사발생에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 발효초유를 제조하기에 적합한 균주를 선택하기 위한 실험으로 L. rhamnosus와 E. faecium을 혼합하여 사용한 경우 풍미가 좋았고 대장균군의 억제가 우수하였으며 유산균의 증식도 활발하여 이 두 균을 혼합하여 사용하는 것이 초유발효에 적합하다고 판단되었다. 송아지 사양 실험 결과로서 분변 중의 대장균과 젖산균수의 조사 결과 대장균은 발효초유 20% 첨가구에서 시간 경과 후 가장 많이 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 분내 유산균은 급여 28일째 대조구에 비하여 20% 급여수준에서 균수가 유의하게 증가하였다. 발효초유 급여 후 체중변화는 28일 후 20% 첨가구의 경우 1.4 kg (7.8%)으로 가장 높은 증체효과를 보였다. 기간별 증체효과를 살펴보면 20% 첨가구의 경우 0~14일은 0.41 kg으로 각각의 실험구 중 가장 증체량이 낮게 나타났고 14~28일의 증체량은 0.87 kg으로 이 기간 중에는 일당증체량이 가장 높게 나타나 장기 급여가 효과가 있을 것으로 추정되었다. 그러나 발효초유 급여 수준에 따른 설사 지속 일수는 무첨가구는 2.7일, 5% 첨가구 2.4일, 10% 첨가구 4일, 20% 첨가구는 2.4일로서 무첨가구, 5% 첨가구, 20% 첨가구는 3일 이내에 설사가 멈추었으나 10% 첨가구의 경우 3일 이상 지속되어 발효 초유첨가에 따른 설사 방지효과는 분명히 나타나지 않는 것으로 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 발효초유 첨가가 증체에 미치는 영향은 14일 이후 발효초유첨가 수준이 높을수록 또는 급여기간이 길수록 증체효과에 영향을 끼친다고 볼 수 있고 설사방지 효과의 경우 발효초유 첨가 수준에 의해서는 별 영향을 미치지 못하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.163-170
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• 2009

초유는 신생 송아지에게 완전식품으로 제공된다. 반추동물에서 초유는 송아지에게 처음 제공되는 후천적 면역물질의 유일한 공급원이다. 따라서 초유는 반추동물의 숙주방어에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 소의 초유는 신생 송아지에게 처음 24시간 동안 수동 면역물질을 공급하고, 일반적으로 생후 처음 3일 동안 공급된다. 초유는 저장 후 사용을 위해 냉각, 냉동 또는 대기온도에서 발효 또는 화학처리에 의해 보관할 수 있다. 초유관리 조사는 경기와 충남지역에 있는 67개 낙농가로부터 자료 수집을 통하여 조사하였다. 분만 후 5일 동안 생산한 초유의 총 생산량은 평균 80.4 kg이었고, 송아지에게 급여한 포유량은 평균 20.9 kg이었다. 조사결과에 따르면, 남는 초유의 처리방법은 그냥 버린다가 17.9%, 다른 송아지 포유용으로 이용한다가 37.3%, 저장 이용한다가 22.4%, 다른 가축에게 준다가 20.9%, 기타방법으로 처리한다가 1.5%로 확인되었다. 초유의 품질향상을 위해서는 분만전후의 항생제 사용자제와 건유연고의 올바른 선택, 착유 초기동안 착유량을 증대해야 할 것으로 나타났다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.833-843
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• 2021

Objective: Current study was conducted to determine the effect of postpartum prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) administration on colostrum and milk yield, colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and piglet growth performance. Methods: In total, 36 sows were included in the experiment. The sows were classified into two groups: i) control (n = 11) and ii) PGF2α (n = 25). Sows in the PGF2α group received 10 mg of PGF2α within an hour after farrowing. The body weight of piglets was measured at 0 and 24 h after birth to estimate colostrum consumption. Colostrum was collected at 1 and 24 h after farrowing to determine IgG concentrations. For milk yield study, the remaining sows in the PGF2α group (n = 23) were divided into two subgroups: i) single PGF2α (n = 12) and ii) multiple PGF2α (n = 11). In the multiple PGF2α, the sows received repeated doses of PGF2α at seven and 14 days postpartum. The piglets' body weight was measured at 0, 1, 5, and 20 days of age. The milk yield of the sows was calculated. Results: Colostrum yield of sows averaged 5.62±2.25 kg. Sows treated with PGF2α postpartum had a higher colostrum yield than control (7.01 and 5.12 kg, p<0.05). The concentration of IgG in colostrum at 24 h in the PGF2α group was higher than the control (31.6 and 17.4 g/L, p<0.05). For primiparous sows, milk yield was highest in the sows treated with multiple doses of PGF2α during lactation and lowest in control sows (10.25 and 7.61 kg, p<0.05). Colostrum intake was higher in the treatment than the control groups (+56.7 g, p<0.05). Primiparous sows treated with multiple doses of PGF2α had a higher litter weight than controls (p<0.01). Conclusion: Postpartum treatment with PGF2α improved colostrum yield and IgG in multiparous sows and increased colostrum intake of piglets. Multiple administration of PGF2α improved the milk yield and increased litter weight of piglets in primiparous sows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.670-677
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• 2011

The growth rate of the young pig is generally much less than it's potential and may be constrained by endocrine status as well as nutrient intake. Growth factors are present in relatively high quantities in colostrum and play an important part in gut development. It is possible that supplementation of colostrum protein isolate may stimulate gut and whole body growth in the pig. Eight male and 8 female (Large Whitex${\times}$Landrace) piglets were weaned at 1 d of age after each pig had obtained colostrum from their dam, and were trained to consume one of two liquid diets. The two diets were based on either a colostrum protein isolate (n = 4 males and 4 females) or whey protein concentrate (n = 4 males and 4 females) and were formulated to contain equal levels of crude protein and amino acids. Pigs were fed their diets ad libitum for 28 days after which time 12 pigs were euthanised and various tissues and organs weighed. Pigs were bled for IGF-I analyses at 21 and 28 days of age. Daily gain was higher in pigs consuming the colostrum isolate (171 vs. 216 g/d, p = 0.010), particularly between 2 and 4 weeks of age (212 vs. 298 g/d, p = 0.010). Pigs tended to consume more of the liquid feed containing colostrum isolate (25.5 vs. 29.1 kg, p = 0.074) and gained more live weight per unit of liquid feed (0.203 vs. 0.223 g/g, p = 0.056). There were no effects of sex on growth performance. Pigs consuming the diet supplemented with colostrum isolate had higher (p<0.05) full gut weight (445 vs. 554 g, p = 0.026), empty gut weight (356 vs. 463 g, p = 0.008), stomach weight (42.2 vs. 54.4 g, p = 0.001), small intestine weight (222 vs. 275 g, p = 0.025) and large intestine weight (63.7 vs. 98.0 g, p = 0.005). Plasma IGF-I (99 vs. 150 ng/ml, p<0.001) and IGF-II (265 vs. 406 ng/ml, p<0.001) were higher in pigs fed colostrum isolate. Pigs consuming colostrum protein isolate ate more, grew faster and had higher plasma IGF-I concentrations than pigs consuming a diet with similar macronutrient content but devoid of growth factors.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1293-1303
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• 2023

Objective: Inflammation and pain management in postpartum hyperprolific sows is currently an important animal welfare issue in the swine industry. The present study investigates effects of ketoprofen treatment on the incidence of post-parturient disorders, feed intake, colostrum yield, piglet colostrum intake, colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and piglet mortality rate during the first 3 days of postnatal life. Methods: In total, 61 Danish Landrace×Yorkshire crossbred sows and their offspring (n = 833) were included in the experiment. The sows were randomly distributed into two groups: i) control (n = 31), sows were treated with tolfenamic acid 2 mg per kg for 2 days postpartum; ii) ketoprofen (n = 30), sows were treated with ketoprofen 3 mg per kg for 2 days postpartum. The farrowing process of the sows was monitored for 24 h daily, and data associated with farrowing were collected. Piglet colostrum intake, sow colostrum yield and colostrum IgG were determined. Results: During the first 3 days postpartum, the incidence of sows that had fever did not differ between control and ketoprofen groups (51.6% and 56.7%, respectively, p = 0.692). Piglet colostrum intake did not differ between control and ketoprofen groups (p = 0.736). However, the proportions of piglets that had inadequate colostrum intake were 71.3%, 22.6%, and 5.4% in those with birth weights of <1.0 kg, 1.0 to 1.29 kg, and ≥1.30 kg, respectively (p<0.001). The piglet mortality rate did not differ between control and ketoprofen groups (p = 0.808). Conclusion: Administration of ketoprofen in postpartum sows for 2 days can control the evidence of post-parturient disorders in sows as effectively as the use of tolfenamic acid. No deleterious effect of ketoprofen was detected on sow colostrum yield, piglet colostrum intake and piglet mortality. Therefore, ketoprofen can be recommended as an alternative anti-inflammatory drug used in postpartum sows.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.809-816
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal nutritional status and health behaviors on the concentrations of minerals (Zn, Fe, Ca) and the immunological substances (lactoferrin, sIgA, Iysozyme) in breast milk. Breast milk was collected from 193 healthy Korean women from obstetric clinics and postpartum care centers in Seoul. : 99 colostrum (1 - 5 days postpartum), 33 transitional milk (6 - 10 days postpartum), 61 mature milk (11 - 50 days postpartum). The concentrations of minerals and immunological substance were highest in colostrum and decreased with lactational period. Concentrations of Zn and Fe reduced significantly from colostrum to mature milk, however, Ca concentration stayed constant throughout the lactational period. Contents of lactoferrin, sIgA, and lysozyme were significantly lower in mature milk than in colostrum. Mother's nutritional status, assessed by prepregnancy BMI, had an effect only on colostrum, but not on transition and mature milk. Fe concentration of colostrum was significantly lower in underweight (prepregnancy BMI < 18.5) than in overweight mothers (prepregnancy BMI $\geq$ 23.0). Also lower tendency was observed for sIgA and lysozyme contents, even though the difference was not statistically significant. Pregnancy weight gain had no effect on the breast milk component. Since nutritional factors had some effect on colostrum, the health behaviors of mothers providing colostrum were assessed. The mother's behavior of smoking, drinking, morning sickness, parity, disease, nutrient supplement use had no significant effect on the breast milk component, however, Zn, sIgA, and lysozyme were the somewhat affected components by maternal health behavior.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.752-759
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• 1994

It is accepted that colostral macrophages have protective effects on gastrointestinal tract of the neonates. Macrophages act as a major defensive cells in colostrum and serve as a main source of colostral prostaglandins which are known to exert cytoprotection for gastrointestinal tract of neonates against infectious agents and drugs such as aspirin. This study was conducted to evaluate the total cell numbers and differential counts for macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes in colostrum of Korean mothers. To compare the level of PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1$\alpha$, and TXB2 between colostrum and serum of postpartum mothers, radioimmunoassay adopting eicosanoids-antibody complex method was applied instead of charcoal method. The results were as follows : 1) Total defensive cell count was 7.6$\pm$2,37$\times$106 cells/ml, differential counts of macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes were 57.49$\pm$4.14%, 37.98$\pm$4.43% and 4.29$\pm$0.73% respectively. 2) The order of prostaglandin level in colostrum which are known to enhance development and cytoprotection of gastrointestinal tract, was 6-keto-PGF1$\alpha$, TXB2 and PGE2. Colostral PGE2 level was 584.6$\pm$72.3 pg/ml, higher than that of serum(p<0.01). 6-keto-PGF1$\alpha$, the most abundant prostaglandin in colostrum was higher than in serum level, too (p<0.01). Serum TXB2 level of postpartum mothers(n=42) was higher nine times than that of colostrum(p<0.01), which seems to cause vasoconstriction of uterus in postpartum period. 3) In preterm mothers, serum level of TXB2 level in both groups.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2017

젖소, 한우, 돼지, 그리고 산양의 초유 중 단백질의 변화를 초일부터 7일까지 조사하였다. 돼지의 초유를 제외한 젖소, 한우, 그리고 산양의 초유에서 면역글로불린, 락토페린, 락토퍼옥시데이스, 혈청 알부민, IgG heavy chain, 그리고 IgG light chain은 분만 후, 초일 함량이 현저히 높았고, 2일째부터 급격히 감소하는 것을 보여 주었다. 그리고 ${\alpha}_{S2}$-카세인, ${\alpha}_{S1}$-카세인, ${\beta}$-카세인, ${\kappa}$-카세인, ${\beta}$-락토글로불린 및 ${\alpha}$-락트알부민은 분만 직후부터 7일까지 현저한 함량의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 한편, 돼지 초유의 경우는 모든 단백질이 분만 후, 초일부터 2일까지 높은 함량을 나타내었다.