• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was carried out to investigate the anti-tumor metastasis effect and activation of innate immunity by extracts of Mori radicis cortex. Methods: Anti-tumor metastatic experiment was conducted in vitro and in vivo by using colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell, L5178Y-R lymphoma cell and HeLa cell. To observe the activation of innate immunity by extracts of Mori radicis cortex, we estimated IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-${\alpha}$ from peritoneal macrophages. And we evaluated the activation of NK cell by using anti-asialo-GM1 serum. Results: We found that the administration of Mori radicis cortex extracts significantly inhibited tumor metastasis. In an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, Mori radicis cortex affected tumor cell growth above specific concentration. Mori radicis cortex also stimulated peritoneal macrophage, which was followed by the production of various cytokines such as IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-${\alpha}$. The depletion of NK cells by anti-asialo GM1 serum partly abolished the inhibitory effect of Mori radicis cortex on tumor metastasis. Conclusion: Mori radicis cortex appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by activation of innate immunity.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.373-384
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• 2001

Cellular proliferation is an intricately regulated process mediated by the coordinated interactions of critical growth control genes. Two of these factors in mammalian cells are the p53 and mdm-2 genes. A protein product of the mem-2 oncogene has been recently shown to associate with the protein encoded by the tumor suppressor gene p53. The p53 tumor suppressor protein is stabilized in response to DNA damage and other stress signals and causes the cell to undergo growth arrest or apoptosis, thus preventing the establishment of mutations in future cellular generations. Mutation or loss of p53 is a very common event in tumor progression. It occurs in about 50% of all tumors analysed including of colon, lung, breast and liver. The cellular mdm-2 gene, which has potential transforming activity that can be activated by overexpression, is amplified in a significant percentage of human sarcoma and in other mammalian tumors. Proteins encoded by the mdm-2 gene are able to bind to the p53 protein and, when overexpressed, can inhibit p53's transcriptional activation function, thus mdm-2 can act as a negative regulator of p53 function. Experimental study was performed to observe the relationship between p53 gene mutation and mdm-2 protein expression and apply the results to the clinical activity. 36 golden syrian hamster each weighing $60{\sim}80g$ were used and painted with 0.5% DMBA by 3 times weekly on the right buccal cheek(experimental side) for 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 weeks. Left buccal cheek(control side) was treated with mineral oil as the same manner to the right side. The hamsters were sacrificed on the 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 & 16 weeks. Normal and tumor tissues from paraffin block were examined for histology and immunohistochemistry observation, and were completely dissected by microdissection and DNA from both tissue were isolated by proteins K/phenol/chloroform extraction. Segments of the hamster p53 exons 5, 6, 7 and 8 were amplified by PCR using the oligonucleotide primers, and then confirmational change was observed by SSCP respectively. The results were as follows : 1. Dysplasia at 6 weeks, carcinoma in situ at 8 weeks and invasive carcinoma from 10 weeks could be observed in experimental groups. 2. p53 mutations were detected in 10 of the 36(28%) and the exons 6(6 of the 10 : 60%) was the most hot spot area among the highy conserved region(exons 5, 6, 7 & 8). 3. Immunohistochemical study confirmed 22 of the 36(61%) of p53 expression involving 10 of p53 mutations. 4. mdm-2 expression of was showed in 3 of the 36(8%) involving 1 of the 22 of p53 expression and 2 of the 14 of p53 non-expression. From the above results, mutation of p53 gene or expression of p53 protein may have the influence of the DMBA induced carcinoma of hamster buccal pouch but the expression of mdm-2 protein may not have relationship with tumorigenesis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.331-338
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• 1999

Background: Nearly 10% of cancer patients will develop a second primary cancer within ten years after surgical removal of the primary tumor. The detection of risk factors for developing multiple primary tumors would be important This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical characteristics and abnormal p53 expression of lung cancer associated with multiple primary cancer(MPC). Method: Clinical characteristics and abnormal p53 expression were compared between 20 cases of lung cancer(NSCLC ; 16 cases, SCLC ; 4 cases) associated with MPC and 26 cases of primary non-small cell lung cancer. Result: MPC associated with lung cancer was gastric cancer(8), lung cancer(2), esophageal cancer(2), colon cancer(2), laryngeal cancer(1), bladder cancer(1), small bowel cancer(l), adrenal cancer(1), hepatocellular carcinoma(1), and breast cancer (1) in order. The clinical stage of primary NSCLC was relatively advanced, but NSCLC associated with MPC was even distribution at each stage. The detected incidences of abnormal p53 expressions were 62.5% in NSCLC associated with MPC and 76.9% in primary NSCLC(p>0.05). Conclusion: There was no difference in abnormal p53 expression between non-small cell carcinoma associated with multiple primary cancer and primary non-small cell carcinoma.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.633-640
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• 2011

After Ganoderma lucidum was cultured in mushroom complete medium (MCM) supplemented with ginseng extract (GE), crude polysaccharide (GL-GE-CP) was fractionated from mycelium. Among GL-GE-CP from mycelium in MCM supplemented with 5, 10, and 15% GE (v/v ratio of MCM to GE), GL-GE-15-CP (15% GE) most significantly enhanced macrophage stimulation and intestinal immune system modulating activity compared with GL-CP in MCM without GE. When GL-GE-15-CP was further fractionated on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, GL-GE-15-CP-II displayed more potent activity than subfractions from GL-CP on macrophage stimulation, interleukin-12 production, and intestinal immune system modulation (1.75-, 5.68-, and 1.76-fold, respectively). Anti-metastasis effect against colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells was also enhanced by GL-GE-15-CP-II (72.8% inhibition). In addition, GL-GE-15-CP-II contained neutral sugar (83.00%) and uronic acid (9.11%), and consisted of Ara, Man, Gal and Glc (molar ratio of 0.39:0.50:0.75:1.00). Furthermore, GE supplementation helped to enhance the immunomodulation in G. lucidum, and it is assumed that neutral polysaccharides play an important role.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.626-632
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• 2004

Of hot- water extracts prepared from 30 kinds of herbal medicines, Acanthopanax senticosus (75.6% inhibition of control), Atractylodes macrocephale (71.3%), Panax ginseng (70.0%), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (66.3%) and Angelica acutiloba (63.1%) showed the potent tumor metastasis inhibition activity against colon 26-M3.1 lung carcinoma at 2.5 mg/kg body weight, whereas the other extracts had a little activity, except for Pueraria thunbergiana (58.6%) and C. leticulata (54.9%) having the intermediate activity. We also found that Citrus leticulata (1.80-fold of control), A. macrocephale (1.73-fold), A. senticosus and G. uralensis (1.64-fold) enhanced on Peyer's patch cells mediated-hematopoietic response at 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. In addition, these active herbal medicines were prepared into steam distillates to improve the food rheology as beverage, and to remove the inactive components. Among these steam distillates, A. macrocephale, G. uralensis and A. senticosus showed the significant tumor metastasis inhibition activity at 2.5 mg/kg body weight (58.7%, 50.3% and 41.9%, respectively), and A. macrocephale had the potent activity even at 0,25 mg/kg body weight (49.7%). In treatments of steam distillates with Peyer's patch cells, A. macrocephale and A. senticosus significantly increased the bone marrow cell proliferation even at 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL (1.49- and 1.28-fold of control). Although steam distillates had lower activity than hot-water extracts, herbal medicines, such as A. macrocephale and A. senticosus, showed the high immunostimulating activity in hot-water extracts as well as steam distillates. Therefore, these results assumed the possibility that steam distillates from herbal medicines might be utilized to food industry for beverage.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.446-453
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• 2002

Effects of the two oriental medicinal prescriptions, Jahyulyangeuntang (JH) and Yanghyuljangeunkeonbohwan (YH), on intestinal calcium absorption were examined in the human colon carcinoma tell line, Caco-2 cells. Intestinal calcium absorption was evaluated at the level of Ca uptake into the cells across the brush border membranes, as well as at the level of net Ca transport (implying the amount of intestinal Ca transported into the blood stream). When the Caco-2 cells were incubated for 4, 8, 16 and 24 days post seeding, the cells were differentiated continuously, and showed progressively increased activities of Ca uptake (1.13 $\pm$ 0.04, 1.19 $\pm$ 0.02, 1.94 $\pm$ 0.03, and 2.40 $\pm$ 0.12 nmole.mg protein$^{-1}$ .30 min$^{-1}$ , respectively). Pretreatment of confluent Caco-2 cells with 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of YH for 24 hours resulted in a 30% increase in Ca uptake (p < 0.07), while pretreatment of the cells with the same concentration of JH for 6 hours resulted in a 24% increase (p < 0.05) in Ca uptake, compared to the value for the control cells (2.34 $\pm$ 0.10 nmole.mg protein$^{-1}$ .30 min$^{-1}$ ). When the cells were pretreated with varied concentrations (5-100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) of the test samples for 6 hours, maximal increases in Ca uptake were observed in the cells pretreated with 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of YH (a 23% increase), and 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of JH (a 28% increase), respectively : however, no influence was seen on the net Ca transport activity. These results show that pretreatment with JH or YH, the two oriental medicinal prescriptions commonly used for improvement of bone metabolism, could possibly increase Ca accumulation inside the cells. but not the intestinal Ca net transport in vitro.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.114-119
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• 2002

This research was performed to investigate the immnomodulative effects of ploysaccharides extracted from the fruiting body of Agarcus blazei cultivated with the media which are fermented with sugar cane bagasse containing Pueraria thunbergiana in open-air storage. In MTT test, methanol extracts from the fruiting body of A. blazei cultivated with P. thunbergiana media showed in colon carcinoma line(HT29) by 1.5∼3.5 fold and human heptoma cell line (HepG2) by 1.3 ∼2.4 fold antitumor activites compared to two types media (rice straw plus sugar cane bagasse, rice straw only) often used in the fauns. To clarify the antimutagenic principles, three extracts, Ab-l, Ab-2 and Ab-3, were separated by the solvent fractionations such as hot water, cold & hot sodium hydroxide respectively, and their antimutagenic effects was determined against N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-cnitrso-guanidine(MNNG) using Salmonella typhymurium. There was no significant differencies of inhibition levels among the used media, but Ab-3 tractions still showed a high antimutagenicity in the Ames test regardless of cultivating areas or media. To prove the cell immunofunction, nitric oxide (NO) produced from Raw 264.7 matrophage cultured with three fractions (Ab-l, Ab-2, Ab-3) was measured, and showed generally increase about 45 ∼58 percent compared to another two media (rice straw plus sugar cane bagasse, rice straw only), in the fraction of hot alklai extracts of the fruiting body cultivated with P. thunbergiana, which means that the media selection could be very important factors for improving medicinal effects in agaricus blazei fruiting body.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2011

Crude polysaccharide (CP) was fractionated from the submerged culture (containing both mycelia and culture broth, SC) with Phellinus linteus (PL) in mushroom complete medium (MCM) supplemented with ginseng extract ($65^{\circ}$Bx, GE) to enhance the immune activity. PL-GE-15-CP from SC cultivated in MCM supplemented with GE-15% (v/v, a ratio of MCM volume to GE) showed significantly higher macrophage stimulation (1.45 fold of the saline control at $100{\mu}g$/mL) than PL-GE-5 and 10-CP with GE-5 and 10%, or PL-CP from SC without GE. The potent intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer's patch was also obtained by PL-GE-15-CP (1.46 fold). When PL-GE-15-CP further fractionated on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B (Cl- form), PL-GE-15-CP-II was the significantly higher than others from PL-GE-15-CP or PL-CP on macrophage stimulation, interleukin (IL)-12 production and intestinal immune system modulation (1.54, 3.96 and 1.56 fold, respectively). PL-GE-15-CP-II also had higher anti-metastatic activity against colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell (57.3% inhibition of tumor control, $200{\mu}g$/mouse) rather than PL-CP-II. This active fraction (PL-GE-15-CP-II) mainly contained neutral sugar (82.45%) and uronic acid (12.99%), and component sugar analysis showed that PL-GE-15-CP-II consisted mainly of uronic acid, Ara, Man, Gal and Glc (molar ratio of 0.52:0.97:0.63:1.00:0.54). Furthermore, the activity of GE culture was higher compared with culture without GE, indicating that GE helped to enhance the immune activity of P. linteus; also, it is assumed that the polysaccharide plays an important role in immune enhancement.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.332-342
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• 1995

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of various factors on the therapeutic effect of the I-131 labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody(anti-CEA antibody). Tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (MTT) was used to compare in vitro cytotoxicity of 3 Korean colon cancer cell lines (SNU-C2A, SNU-C4, SNU-C5) for selection of proper 2 cell lines in this study. The changes of the size of tumor which was xenografted to nude mice (balb/c nu/nu) were compared in 4 groups (group treated I-131 labeled anti-CEA antibody, group treated with non-radiolabeled anti-CEA antibody, group treated with I-131 labeled anti-human chorionic gonadotropin monoclonal antibody (anti-hCG antibody) as nonspecific antibody, and group injected with normal saline as a control). Immunohistochemical staining and in vivo autoradiography were performed after excision of the xenografted tumor. The results were as below mentioned. The in vitro cytotoxic effect of I-131 labeled anti-CEA antibody is most prominent in SNU-C5 cell line between 3 cancer cell lines. The changes of xenografted tumor size in both SNU-C4 and SNU-5S cell tumors at the thirteenth day after injection of the antibodies were smallest in the group treated with I-131 labeled anti-CEA antibody (SNU-C4/SNU-C5; 324/342%) comparing with other groups, group treated with anti-CEA antibody (622/660%), group treated with I-131 anti-hCG antibody (538/546%), and control group(1030/724%)(P<0.02 in SNU-C4 and P<0.1 in SNU-C5 at the 13th day after injection of antibodies). On the thirteenth day after injection of the antibodies nude mice were sacreficed to count the radiouptake of tumor and to check the changes of tumor size. Correlations between radiouptake and change of tumor size were calculated in each groups and significant negative correlation was only obtained in the group treated with I-131 anti-CEA antibody (p<0.05). There were no correlations between antigenic expression of carcinoembryonic antigen and distribution of anti-CEA antibody in both SNU-C4 and SNU-C5 cell tumors on immunoperoxidase staining. On in vivo autoradiography the distributions of anti-CEA antibody were heterogeneous and the intensities of binding were various in SNU-C4 and SNU-C5 cell tumors. It is concluded that I-131 labeled tumor-specific monoclonal antibody, anti-CEA antibody is effective in suppressing the xenografted tumor growth and the effect is influenced by sensitivity of tumor cell itself to the radiolabeled antibody and other local factors instead of specificity of antibody.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.294-302
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• 2000

Purpose: To investigate the mechanisms related to F-18-FDG uptake by tumors, F-18-FDG accumulation was compared with glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1) expression and hexokinase activity in various human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: Human colon cancer (SNU-C2A, SNU-C4, SNU-C5), hepatocellular carcinoma (SNU-387, SNU-423, SNU-449), lung cancer (NCI-H522, NCI-H358, NCI-H1299), uterine cervical cancer (HeLa, HeLa 229, HeLa S3) and brain tumor (A172, Hs 683) cell lines were used. After 24 hr incubation of $5{\times}10^5$ cells, 37 kBq F-18-FDG was added and the uptake by cells at 10 min was measured using a gamma counter. Hexokinase activity was measured by continuous spectrophotometric rate determination. To measure mitochondrial hexokinase activity, mitochondrial fraction was separated by a high speed centrifuge. Immunohistochemical staining of Glut-1 was performed, and graded as 0, 1, 2, or 3 according to expression. Results: There was difference among F-18-FDG uptake, total and mitochondrial hexokinase activity, and Glut-1 expression with different cancer cell lines. The correlations of F-18-FDG with total hexokinase and mitochondrial hexokinase activity were low (r=0.27 and 0.26, respectively). Glut-1 expression showed a good correlation with F-18-FDG uptake (p=0.81, p=0.0015). Previously, we reported no correlation of F-18-FDG uptake with hexokinase activity in colon cancer cell lines. Thus, when colon cancer cells were excluded, F-18-FDG uptake showed higher correlation with total hexokinase and mitochondrial hexokinase activity (r=0.81, p=0.0027 and r=0.81, p=0.0049, respectively). Conclusion: Both Glut-1 expression and hexokinase activity were contributing factors related to F-18-FDG accumulation in human cancer cell lines. The relative contribution of Glut-1 expression and hexokinase activity, however, was different among different cancer cell types.