• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.201-234
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• 2001

Sociology(or social science in general) is often diagnosed as in the state of 'crisis' after the collapse of socialism and the erosion of national societies because of rapid globalization. This paper introduces some recent work within science and technology studies(STS) and discusses its potentials to reinvigorate sociology. Although sociologists have rarely regarded STS as contributing to 'mainstream' issues in sociology, an increasing number of STS writers and sociologists have recently started to notice such possibilities. One main reason of this recent change is that STS is no longer merely concerned to convey substantive findings about science and technology, but instead attempts to reconstruct key notions of sociology such as 'social', 'society' and 'agency'. It is in this respect that the discussion below aims to introduce, discuss, and assess the potential contribution of some recent work of STS to sociology. In particular, it is 'actor-network theory'(ANT) that explicitly attempts to examine and suggest the ways in which STS ran help innovate sociology. One major characteristics of ANT is to impute 'agency' to things(nonhumans) unlike traditional sociology. ANT argues that if sociology studies heterogeneous relationships between humans and nonhumans instead of human relations only, it can become once again a vigorous discipline which is able to provide alternative worlds central to the basis of sociology. So this paper focuses on, not the diverse approaches of STS, the characteristics of ANT and its potential contribution to sociology. The author concludes that ANT can not only rejuvenate sociology by implicating new forms of alternative worlds but also open the possibility to contribute to the democratic reformulation of human-nonhuman relationships.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.199-211
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• 1994

Butachlor applied pre-emergence at 3.6kg ai/ha inhibited the growth and developments of shoot of barnyardgrass under dry condition, whereas rice was unaffected. Growth of rice and barnyardgrass under water condition was severely inhibited by treatment of butachlor but that of transplanted rice was not affected. The inhibition rate was higher under water condition, in broadcast rice and direct seeded rice than under dry condition, drilled rice and transplanted rice, respectively. The major anatomical response of stem of barnyardgrass seedling to butachlor under dry condition were partial reduction in thickness and collapse of leaf sheath, while not in rice. Broadcast rice on soil under water condition appeared reduction and constriction of leaf primordia thickness, and barnyardgrass formed tubular-like leaves and showed inhibited elongation of apical meristem. On the other hand, transplanted rice did not show these responses.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2009

The main fault of Yangsan Fault Zone (YFZ) and Quaternary fault were found in a trench section with NW-SE direction at an entrance of the Sinheung village in the northern Eonyang, Ulsan, Korea. We interpreted the movement history of the southern part of the YFZ from the geometric and kinematic characteristics of basement rock's fault of the YFZ (Sinheung Fault) and Quaternary fault (Quaternary Sinheung Fault) investigated at the trench section. The trench outcrop consists mainly of Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of Hayang Group and volcanic rocks of Yucheon Group which lie in fault contact and Quaternary deposits which unconformably overlie these basement rocks. This study suggests that the movement history of the southern part of the YFZ can be explained at least by two different strike-slip movements, named as D1 and D2 events, and then two different dip-slip movements, named as D3 and D4 events. (1) D1 event: a sinistral strike-slip movement which caused the bedding of sedimentary rocks to be high-angled toward the main fault of the YFZ. (2) D2 event: a dextral strike-slip movement slipped along the high-angled beddings as fault surfaces. The main characteristic structural elements are predominant sub-horizontal slickenlines and sub-vertical fault foliations which show a NNE trend. The event formed the main fault rocks of the YFZ. (3) D3 event: a conjugate reverse-slip movement slipped along fault surfaces which trend (E)NE and moderately dip (S)SE or (N)NW. The slickenlines, which plunge in the dip direction of fault surfaces, overprint the previous sub-horizontal slickenlines. The fault is characterized by S-C fabrics superimposed on the D2 fault gouges, fault surfaces showing ramp and flat geometry, asymmetric and drag folds and collapse structures accompanied with it. The event dispersed the orientation of the main fault surface of the YFZ. (4) D4 event: a Quaternary reverse-slip movement showing a displacement of several centimeters with S-C fabrics on the Quternary deposits. The D4 fault surfaces are developed along the extensions of the D3 fault surfaces of basement rocks, like the other Quaternary faults within the YFZ. This indicates that these faults were formed under the same compression of (N)NW-(S)SE direction.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.53-66
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• 2023

Due to COVID-19, the external activities of urban residents have greatly shrunk, causing a lot of damage to the commercial district, such as a decrease in population and sales. The downturn in commercial districts means the collapse of the infrastructure of the national economy, and can have serious side effects on the local economy and individual lives. Therefore, it is necessary to look at the alley commercial area, which is closely related to the national local economy, and pay attention to the damage and stagnation of the alley commercial area where small business owners are concentrated. The purpose of this study is to classify alley commercial districts into growth commercial districts and decline commercial districts by using commercial sales time series data and DTW time series group analysis for the pre- and post-COVID-19 period. The main findings of the study are as follows. First, using the time series data on commercial sales before and after COVID-19, the alley commercial districts were divided into growth commercial districts and decline commercial districts, and it was confirmed that the distribution of growth commercial districts and decline commercial districts was regionally different. Therefore, it is necessary to actively manage commercial districts in areas where many declining commercial districts are distributed, and it is required to prepare policies for each region in consideration of the spatial distribution of declining commercial districts. Second, during the COVID-19 period, face-to-face essential industries, density of guest facilities, and population density negatively affected the sustainability of commercial districts, which is the opposite of previous studies. This is the result of empirically confirming the specificity of the COVID-19 period and the negative effects of the integrated economy, and can be used as basic data for effective commercial district management and policy preparation in the event of a national disaster in the future. Third, the characteristics of the background of the commercial district had a significant effect on the sustainability of the commercial district, and the negative effect of the attracting facilities inducing population concentration in the background area was found. This suggests that it is necessary to consider the characteristics of the background as well as the inside of the commercial district when establishing policies to revitalize the commercial district and support small business owners in a national disaster situation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.1
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• pp.115-124
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• 2022

This study was conducted to obtain basic data that could help prevent damage caused by slow-moving landslides (land-creep). Specifically, the geological, topographic, and physical characteristics of land-creep were analyzed in Jiphyeon-myeon, Jinju-si. The first and second analyzed land-creeps occurred in 1982 and 2019, respectively. The area damaged in the second land-creep was about 11.5-fold larger than that damaged in the first land-creep. The dominant constituent rock in the land-creep area was sedimentary rock, which seems to be weakly resistant to weathering. The areas that collapsed due to land-creep were related to the presence of separated rocks between the bedding plane in the estimated activity surface over the slope direction and the vertically developed joint surface. Thus, surface water and soil debris were introduced through the gaps of separated rocks. Additionally, the areas collapsed due to the combination of the bedding plane and joint surface shale and sandstone showed an onion structure of weathered outcrop from the edge to inner part caused by weathering from ground water. Consequently, core stones were formed. The study area was a typical area of land-creep in a mountain caused by ground water. Land-creep was classified into convex areas of colluvial land-creep. The landslide-risk rating in the study area was classified into three and five classes. The flow of ground water moved to the northeast and coincided with the direction of the collapse. Soil bulk density in the collapsed area was lower than that in ridge area, which was rarely affected by land-creep. Thus, soil bulk density was affected by the soil disturbance in the collapsed area.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.77-98
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• 1993

The intent of this study is to analyze the characteristics of distribution, patter, and deposits of the exposed debris slope landform by aerial photography interpretation, measure-ment on the topographical maps and field surveys in the southern part Taebaek mountains. It also aims to research the arrangement types of mountain slope and the landform development of debris slopes in this area. In conclusion, main observations can be summed up as follows. 1. The distribution characteristics 1)From the viewpoint of bedrocks, the distribution density of talus is high in case of the bedrock with high density of joints, sheeting structures and hard rocks, but that of the block stream is high in case of intrusive rocks with the talus line. 2)From the viewpoint of bedrocks, the distribution density of talus is high in case of the bedrock with high density of joints, sheeting structures and hard rocks, but that of the block stream is high in case of inrtusive rocks with the talus line. 2) From the viewpoint of distribution altitude, talus is mainly distributed in the 301~500 meters part above the sea level, while the block stream is distributed in the 101~300 meters part. 3) From the viewpoint of slope oriention, the distribution density of talus on the slope facing the south(S, SE, SW) is a little higher than that of talus on the slope facing the north(N, NE, NW). 2. The Pattern Characteristics 1) The tongue-shaped type among the four types is the most in number. 2) The average length of talus slope is 99 meters, especially that of talus composed of hornfels or granodiorite is longer. Foth the former is easy to make free face; the latter is easdy to produce round stones. The average length of block stream slope is 145 meters, the longest of all is one km(granodiorite). 3) The gradient of talus slope is 20~45${^\circ}$, most of them 26-30${^\croc}$; but talus composed of intrusive rocks is gentle. 4) The slope pattern of talus shows concave slope, which means readjustment of constituent debris. Some of the block stream slope patterns show concave slope at the upper slope and the lower slope, but convex slope at the middle slope; others have uneven slope. 3. The deposit characteristics 1) The average length of constituent debris is 48~172 centimeters in diameter, the sorting of debris is not bad without matrix. That of block stream is longer than that of talus; this difference of debris average diameter is funda-mentally caused by joint space of bedrocks. 2) The shape of constituent debris in talus is mainly angular, but that of the debris composed of intrusive rocks is sub-angular. The shape of constituent debris in block stream is mainly sub-roundl. 3) IN case dof talus, debris diameter is generally increasing with downward slope, but some of them are disordered and the debris diameter of the sides are larger than that of the middle part on a landform surface. In block stream, debris diameter variation is perpendicularly disordered, and the debris diameter of the middle part is generally larger than that of the sides on a landform surface. 4)The long axis orientation of debris is a not bad at the lower part of the slope in talus (only 2 of 6 talus). In block stream(2 of 3), one is good in sorting; another is not bad. The researcher thinks that the latter was caused by the collapse of constituent debris. 5) Most debris were weathered and some are secondly weathered in situ, but talus composed of fresh debris is developing. 4. The landform development of debris slopes and the arrangement types of the mountain slope 1) The formation and development period of talus is divided into two periods. The first period is formation period of talus9the last glacial period), the second period is adjustment period(postglacial age). And that of block stream is divided into three periods: the first period is production period of blocks(tertiary, interglacial period), the second formation period of block stream(the last glacial period), and the third adjustment period of block stream(postglacialage). 2) The arrangement types of mountain slope are divided into six types in this research area, which are as follows. Type I; high level convex slope-free face-talus-block stream-alluvial surface Type II: high level convex slope-free face-talus-alluvial surface Type III: free face-talus-block stream-all-uvial surface Type IV: free face-talus-alluval surface Type V: talus-alluval surface Type VI: block stream-alluvial surface Particularly, type IV id\s basic type of all; others are modified ones.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.291-307
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• 2016

Evaluation of the extinction risk of endangered plants at international, national as well as at regional levels is essential to the implementation of plans for direct conservation activities. Reports indicate that 34 endangered plants are distributed in the middle eastern area of Korea. For each endangered plant, we investigated the sites, area of extents, population size, and factors that affect population extinction. We assessed risk factors based on 10 evaluation criteria including the results from the investigation and the life traits each endangered plant has. As a result of evaluating the risk factors, these 34 endangered plants are classified into 3 groups: the first category comprises 12 endangered plants that require active and urgent conservation of habitats due to multiple risk factors; the second group has 16 endangered plants that should be able to persist with the removal of a few direct risk factors; the third category has 6 endangered plants that can persist with minimal management due to comparatively large distributed area and numerous individuals. It was found that most major risk factors in the population of endangered plants are caused by disruption of habitats and population extinction due to the increase of human habitation in the concerned areas, development and illegal harvesting. Futhermore, ecological collapse from decreasing habitats and malfunctioning mechanism of extinction and regeneration due to the changes of vegetational environment can be the other causes. From the area of the present investigations, we selected 5 regions according to the number of species and the frequency of appearance and importance of conservation measures. Also, we suggested a conservation strategy according to the regional characteristics. We suggest that the method for evaluating extinction risk of endangered plants includes distributional data and life traits of species. In addition, we underscore the necessity for understanding population dynamics and ecological niche of the each target species.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.485-496
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• 2013

In recent years, frequent terror or military attacks by explosion or impact accidents have occurred. Examplary case of these attacks were World Trade Center collapse and US Department of Defense Pentagon attack on Sept. 11 of 2001. These attacks of the civil infrastructure have induced numerous casualties and property damage, which raised public concerns and anxiety of potential terrorist attacks. However, a existing design procedure for civil infrastructures do not consider a protective design for extreme loading scenario. Also, the extreme loading researches of prestressed concrete (PSC) member, which widely used for nuclear containment vessel, gas tank, bridges, and tunnel, are insufficient due to experimental limitations of loading characteristics. To protect concrete structures against extreme loading such as explosion and impact with high strain rate, understanding of the effect, characteristic, and propagation mechanism of extreme loadings on structures is needed. Therefore, in this paper, to evaluate the impact resistance capacity and its protective performance of bi-directional unbonded prestressed concrete member, impact tests were carried out on $1400mm{\times}1000mm{\times}300mm$ for reinforced concrete (RC), prestressed concrete without rebar (PS), prestressed concrete with rebar (PSR, general PSC) specimens. According to test site conditions, impact tests were performed with 14 kN impactor with drop height of 10 m, 5 m, 4 m for preliminary tests and 3.5 m for main tests. Also, in this study, the procedure, layout, and measurement system of impact tests were established. The impact resistance capacity was measured using crack patterns, damage rates, measuring value such as displacement, acceleration, and residual structural strength. The results can be used as basic research references for related research areas, which include protective design and impact numerical simulation under impact loading.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.100-106
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• 2011

The physicochemical characteristics of chicken breast were determined to identify the optimal ratio of $CO_2$ and $N_2$ to maintain chicken breast quality during cold storage for 6 d. The mixing ratios of $CO_2$ and $N_2$ were 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20, respectively. The pH of the chicken breast packed with 80% $CO_2$ and 20% $N_2$ was lower than that of the control on day 1 (p<0.05). The lightness ($L^*$) of the breast increased with increasing $CO_2$ during storage (p<0.05), whereas no difference was found for redness ($a^*$) and yellowness ($b^*$). A lower volatile basic nitrogen level was found for chicken breasts exposed to higher $CO_2$ levels. Furthermore, lipid oxidation of the chicken breast packed with $CO_2$ decreased with increasing $CO_2$ level, and 40% $CO_2$ significantly reduced 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values on days 1 and 6. The total number of microbes was reduced in chicken breast exposed to more than 40% $CO_2$ during storage days 3 and 6 (p<0.05); however, Escherichia coli was not affected by $CO_2$ level. Coliforms of chicken breast were reduced in the 40% $CO_2$ level on storage day 3. Moreover, tray-packed chicken breast exposed to 40% $CO_2$ did not collapse. These results suggest that 40% $CO_2$ and 60% $N_2$ were the optimal conditions for packaging chicken breasts during cold storage.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.675-689
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• 2007

Kilauea volcano's summit area was formed by continuous ind/or sporadic eruption activities for several hundreds years. In this study, we mainly focused on the trace elements characteristics through systematic sample rocks erupted from 1790 to September of 1982. Under the microscope it can be observed some main minerals such as olivine, clinopyroxene. and plagioclase with minor opaque minerals including Cr-spinel and ilmenite. Zr, V, Y, Ti elements show incompatible activities with MgO while Ni, Cr, Co elements show highly compatible properties. Elements like as Ba, Rb, Th, Sr, Nd are highly incompatible to show positive trends with $K_2O$. In the REE diagram LREE is more enriched than HREE suggesting typical Oceanic Island Basalt(OIB) type. It can be suggested that Sr have an effect on the fractionation of plagioclase from the kink in the $K_2O$ variation diagram. Y/Ho ratio diagram shows there was no fluids effect in the historical Kilauea volcano but Zr/Hf ratio diagram shows a significant difference between Kilauea lavas and PuuOo lavas. There are distinctive changes of trace element contents showing in particular abrupt changes of temporal variations between 1924 and 1954. Moreover, PuuOo lavas which had been erupted since 1983 follow these decreasing trends of trace element variation. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that these abrupt changes of trace elements trends result from the huge collapse geological event which formed Halemaumau crater in 1924 causing contamination effects of crustal contents into magma chamber and from the changes of parental magma composition injected into Kilauea volcano's summit magma reservoir.