• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.246-254
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• 2016

Objectives: The aim of this investigation was to give insights into the impact of carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks on the likely capacity of enamel surface dissolution and the influence of human saliva exposure as a biological protective factor. Materials and Methods: The pH, titratable acidity (TA) to pH 7.0, and buffer capacity (${\beta}$) of common beverages ingested by patients under physical activity were analyzed. Then, we randomly distributed 50 specimens of human enamel into 5 groups. Processed and natural coconut water served as controls for testing three carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks. In all specimens, we measured surface microhardness (Knoop hardness numbers) and enamel loss (profilometry, ${\mu}m$) for baseline and after simulated intake cycling exposure model. We also prepared areas of specimens to be exposed to human saliva overnight prior to the simulated intake cycling exposure. The cycles were performed by alternated immersions in beverages and artificial saliva. ANOVA two-way and Tukey HDS tests were used. Results: The range of pH, TA, and ${\beta}$ were 2.85 - 4.81, 8.33 - 46.66 mM/L and 3.48 - $10.25mM/L{\times}pH$, respectively. The highest capacity of enamel surface dissolution was found for commercially available sports drinks for all variables. Single time human saliva exposure failed to significantly promote protective effect for the acidic attack of beverages. Conclusions: In this study, carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks usually consumed during endurance training may have a greater capacity of dissolution of enamel surface depending on their physicochemical proprieties associated with pH and titratable acidity.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2009

A plantlet regeneration protocol was developed on pot-grown mature plants of Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb. cv. Dwarf from nodal and leaf explants. The best yield of adventitious shoots was achieved from the leaf-derived calli in a modified MS ($MMS_1$, half strength of major salts, full strength of minor salts, and vitamins) medium containing $4.0{\mu}M$ BA + $4.0{\mu}M$ Kn + $0.5{\mu}M$ NAA + 15% coconut water (CW). The shoot multiplication rate was amplified about twofold per culture after the addition of 15% CW to the medium. The rate of shoot multiplication reached maximum at the 5th subculture, and it maintained this rate throughout the 3 subsequent subcultures. The best rooting in vitro was investigated by subculturing the microcuttings in an $MMS_2$ (half strength of both major salts and minor salts and full strength of vitamins) medium containing $1.0{\mu}M$ IBA in the dark for one initial week at $30^{\circ}C$, followed by subculturing them in a plant-growth regulator (PGR)-free medium in the light. The plantlets raised in vitro were successfully established under ex vitro conditions.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.891-898
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of crude oligosaccharide extract from coconut milk meal (CMM) and spent tea leaves (ST) on the performance and gut development of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 240 one-day-old unsexed broiler chicks (ROSS 308) were raised on litter-floored pens and had ad libitum access to water for 42 days. The experiment was conducted on chicks fed with basal diet (CON), commercial mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), crude oligosaccharide extract from CMM, and crude oligosaccharide extract from ST. The experimental diets were supplemented with 2 and 1 g/kg oligosaccharides during the starter and grower periods, respectively. Results: The body weight gain (BWG) of birds in the MOS group was higher than that of birds in the other groups (p<0.05) in the starter period. However, during the grower period, ST significantly improved the BWG compared to the MOS (p<0.05). MOS, CMM, and ST showed no influence on the carcass and visceral organ weight and the weight and length of intestine (p>0.05). The digestibility of gross energy was greater (p<0.05) in the CMM group than in the CON group during the grower period. Morphological changes were absent in the dietary treatments (p>0.05). Conclusion: The improvements in the growth performance were partly driven by nutrient digestibility of such oligosaccharides having prebiotic properties. This result can indicate that supplementing broiler diets with crude oligosaccharides from CMM and ST had no negative effect on the growth performance and gut development of broilers.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.205-213
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• 2007

입상활성탄 및 생물여과 공정에서 활성탄 종류별 DOC(dissolved organic carbon) 흡착능은 석탄계가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났고, 다음으로 야자계, 목탄계 순으로 조사되었으며, 활성탄 종류별 부착 미생물의 생체량과 활성도는 석탄계에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 다음으로 목탄계, 야자계, 안트라사이트 순으로 나타났다. 안트라사이트를 이용한 생물여과 공정에서 OM(natural organic matters)의 생분해율은 15분 이상의 EBCT(empty bed contact time)가 주어져야 bed volume에 따라 평균 $10\sim17%$, 최대 $18\sim24%$ 정도의 생분해율을 얻을 수 있었다. NOM의 활성탄 흡착은 주로 친수성 보다 소수성 유기물질과 10,000 Da 이하의 유기물질의 제거가 용이하였으며 HAA5FP(haloacetic acid 5 formation potential) 보다 THMFP(trihalomethane formation potential), BDOC(biodegradable dissolved organic carbon)$_{rapid}$ 보다는 $BDOC_{slow}$의 제거가 용이한 것으로 조사되었다. 생물여과 공정에 의한 유기물질 제거 특성은 주로 친수성과 1,000 Da 이하의 유기물질 제거가 용이하였으며, THMFP 보다는 HAASFP, $BDOC_{slow}$ 보다는 $BDOC_{rapid}$의 제거가 용이한 것으로 조사되었다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.133-141
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• 2022

Bulbophyllum auricomum Lindl.은 희귀 난초이며 매력적인 향기가 지닌 꽃이 피어난다. 본 연구는 미세 증식을 위한 조직 배양 방법을 조사하였다. 인공 자가 수분으로부터 파생된 캡슐은 MS 기본 배지에서 최상의 종자 발아를 위해 얻어진다. 식물 성장 조절제(1.0 mg/L의 BAP 및 2.0 mg/L의 NAA)는 원괴체 유래 유사구근 절편체의 캘러스 유도에 영향을 받았다. 캘러스 계대배양을 위해 10가지 처리 배지에서 다른 천연물 추출물을 테스트하였다. 이 중 150ml/L 코코넛 워터를 첨가한 MS 배지는 일반적으로 1개월 및 2개월에 생중량(1.75 ± 0.08) 및 (3.01 ± 0.20) 캘러스 증식 및 PLB 유도에 효과가 있었고, 그 다음으로 바나나 30g/L와 감자 추출물 20g/L의 MS 조합이 뒤를 이었다. 식물 생장 조절제와 천연 추출물을 함께 첨가한 MS배지와 천연 추출물만 첨가한 MS 배지를 비교 연구한 결과, 천연 추출물(코코넛 워터 150ml/L)과 식물 생장 조절제(BAP 2.0 mg/L 및 NAA 1.0 mg/L)를 혼합하여 MS 배지에 첨가한 결과 배양 1개월 및 2개월 후에 각각 가장 높은 새싹 재생수로 (3.37 ± 0.17) 및 (6.41 ± 0.68)을 얻었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2006

Total suspended solids (TSS), five-day biochemical oxygen demand ($BOD_5$), total nitrogen (T-N), and total phosphorous (T-P) concentrations around and under a floating island were examined from October 2002 to September 2003. The island was installed in July 2002 on the surface of an agricultural irrigation reservoir located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. It was composed of six polyethylene panels. Each panel was 2 m (length) ${\times}$ 1 m (width) ${\times}$ 0.02 m (thick) and had about thirty-two holes each with a diameter of eight centimeters, through which plant roots grew down into the water. Coconut fibers of nine-centimeters in height were placed on the panel, which sustained plants rhizomes and roots. Both the fibers and the panel were raped with polyethylene wire mashes. About thirty irises (Iris pseudoacorus) were planted into the fibers of each panel. The concentrations of TSS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P below the island during the iris-growing season averaged 9.70, 2.59, 3.61 and 0.14 mg/L, respectively and those around it averaged 9.99, 2.83, 4.07 and 0.16 mg/L, respectively. The average concentrations of TSS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P below it during the iris non-growing season were 8.68, 2.37, 3.25 and 0.14 mg/L, respectively and those near it were 8.76, 2.43, 3.34 and 0.15 mg/L, respectively. At a significance level of ${\alpha}$=0.05, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P concentrations under the island during the iris-growing season were significantly low when compared with those around it except TSS. No differences in TSS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P concentrations between around and near it were found at a significance level of ${\alpha}$=0.05 during the iris non-growing season. The removal of $BOD_5$, T-N, and T-P during the growing season were significantly high when compared with those during the non-growing season. TSS abatement of the floating island was very low during both the growing and non-growing seasons. The island's reductions of $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P were good during the growing season, especially T-N and T-P, which have been considered as primary pollutant sources causing the water quality degradation of reservoirs. The removal of T-N and T-P was primarily attributed to the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorous by the irises during the growing season.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1461-1468
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• 2014

This study was aimed to examine the antibacterial and antioxidative properties of seven edible plants from Thailand to develop alternative antibiotics as feed additives. The plants include Citrus aurantifolia Swingle (Lime) fruits and its leaves, Sesbania grandiflora L. (Agati sesbania) leaves, Piper sarmentosum Roxb (Wild betal) leaves, Curcuma domestica Valeton (Turmeric) roots, Morinda citrifolia L. (Beach mulberry) leaves, Cassia siamea britt (Siamea cassia) leaves, and Cocos nucifera L. (Coconut) peels. The plants were extracted by methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. Antibacterial activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined by agar diffusion assay against Escherichia coli, Burkholderia sp., Haemopilus somnus, Haemopilus parasuis, and Clostridium perfringens that were considered pathogenic strains in livestock infection. Methanol extracts of C. aurantifolia Swingle fruits and leaves showed the broadest spectrum of antibacterial activities except for C. perfringens. Butanol extract of S. grandiflora L. leaves showed the strongest activity against Burkholderia sp. with MIC, $135{\mu}g/mL$. P. sarmentosum Roxb leaves showed antibacterial activities against E. coli, Burkholderia sp. and H. parasuis. Ethyl acetate and water extracts from C. domesitca Valeton roots showed MIC of $306{\mu}g/mL$ and $183{\mu}g/mL$, respectively against only C. perfringens. Antioxidative activity was determined by 2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl photometric assay. The methanol extracts of C. aurantifolia Swingle fruits and P. sarmentosum Roxb leaves showed the highest antioxidant activity among all the extracts with 3.46 mg/mL and 2.70 mg/mL effective concentration 50% ($EC_{50}$) values, respectively. Total contents of phenolics and flavonoids were measured from the plant extracts. Methanol extracts of S. grandiflora L. and chloroform extracts of C. domestica Valeton were found to have the highest amount of total phenolics, 41.7 and $47.8{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Flavonoid content of methanol extracts in S. grandiflora L. T was $22.5{\mu}g/mL$ and the highest among plant extracts tested. These results indicated that C. aurantifolia Swingle, S. grandiflora L., P. sarmentosum Roxb, and C. domestica Valeton have antibacterial and antioxidant activities and can be used as alternative antibiotics or potential feed additives for the control of animal pathogenic bacteria.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.533-539
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• 2011

Metabolic alterations including postprandial hyperglycemia have been implicated in the development of obesity-related diseases. Xylose is a sucrase inhibitor suggested to suppress the postprandial glucose surge. The objectives of this study were to assess the inhibitory effects of two different concentrations of xylose on postprandial glucose and insulin responses and to evaluate its efficacy in the presence of other macronutrients. Randomized double-blind cross-over studies were conducted to examine the effect of D-xylose on postprandial glucose and insulin response following the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). In study 1, the overnight-fasted study subjects (n = 49) consumed a test sucrose solution (50 g sucrose in 130 ml water) containing 0, 5, or 7.5 g D-xylose powder. In study 2, the overnight-fasted study subjects (n = 50) consumed a test meal (50 g sucrose in a 60 g muffin and 200 ml sucrose-containing solution). The control meal provided 64.5 g of carbohydrates, 4.5 g of fat, and 10 g of protein. The xylose meal was identical to the control meal except 5 g of xylose was added to the muffin mix. In study 1, the 5 g xylose-containing solutions exhibited significantly lower area under the glucose curve (AUCg) and area under the insulin curve (AUCi) values for 0-15 min (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), 0-30 min (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), 0-45 min (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), 0-60 min (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), 0-90 min (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001) and 0-120 min (P = 0.0071, P = 0.0016). In study 2, the test meal exhibited significantly lower AUCg and AUCi values for 0-15 min (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), 0-30 min (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), 0-45 min (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0005), 0-60 min (P = 0.0002, P = 0.0025), and 0-90 min (P = 0.0396, P = 0.0246). In conclusion, xylose showed an acute suppressive effect on the postprandial glucose and insulin surges.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.1206-1212
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• 2023

The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays essential roles in regulating various cellular behaviors, including proliferation, survival, and differentiation [1-3]. The intracellular β-catenin level, which is regulated by a proteasomal degradation pathway, is critical to Wnt/β-catenin pathway control [4]. Normally, casein kinase 1 (CK1) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), which form a complex with the scaffolding protein Axin and the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), phosphorylate β-catenin at Ser45, Thr41, Ser37, and Ser33 [5, 6]. Phosphorylated β-catenin is ubiquitinated by the β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP), an F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and ubiquitinated β-catenin is degraded via a proteasome pathway [7, 8]. Colorectal cancer is a significant cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Abnormal up-regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a major pathological event in intestinal epithelial cells during human colorectal cancer oncogenesis [9]. Genetic mutations in the APC gene are observed in familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP) and sporadic colorectal cancers [10]. In addition, mutations in the N-terminal phosphorylation motif of the β-catenin gene were found in patients with colorectal cancer [11]. These mutations cause β-catenin to accumulate in the nucleus, where it forms complexes with transcription factors of the T-cell factor/lymphocyte enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) family to stimulate the expression of β-catenin responsive genes, such as c-Myc and cyclin D1, which leads to colorectal tumorigenesis [12-14]. Therefore, downregulating β-catenin response transcription (CRT) is a potential strategy for preventing and treating colorectal cancer. Plant cytokinins are N⁶-substituted purine derivatives; they promote cell division in plants and regulate developmental pathways. Natural cytokinins are classified as isoprenoid (isopentenyladenine, zeatin, and dihydrozeatin), aromatic (benzyladenine, topolin, and methoxytopolin), or furfural (kinetin and kinetin riboside), depending on their structure [15, 16]. Kinetin riboside was identified in coconut water and is a naturally produced cytokinin that induces apoptosis and exhibits antiproliferative activity in several human cancer cell lines [17]. However, little attention has been paid to kinetin riboside's mode of action. In this study, we show that kinetin riboside exerts its cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells by suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and promoting intracellular β-catenin degradation.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.699-705
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• 2010

3가지 재질의 생물활성탄 부착 박테리아들을 부리 동정한 결과 총 9종류의 부착 박테리아가 동정되었다. Pseudomonas 속이 차지하는 비율이 평균 56.5%로 나타나 가장 높은 우점비율을 나타내었고, 다음으로 Pasteurella속 18.9%, Chryseomonas 속 4.0%, Agrobacterium속 3.5%, Aeromonas속 2.0% 순으로 검출되었다. 순수 분리된 9종의 박테리아들의 성장곡선을 조사한 결과 24~96시간 내에 최대의 생체량을 나타내어 geosmin을 유기탄소원으로 활용하는 능력이 뛰어난 것으로 조사되었다. $4^{\circ}C$와 $25^{\circ}C$의 운전조건에서 geosmin에 대한 생분해능을 조사한 결과 Pseudomonas vesicularis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Agrobacterium radiobacter 및 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 등이 뛰어난 생분해율을 나타낸 반면 Chryseomonas luteola, Spingomonas paucimobilis, Spirillum spp. 등은 비교적 낮은 geosmin 생분해능을 나타내었다. Geosmin의 생분해능은 수온이 $4^{\circ}C$일 경우 생분해율 속도상수가 $0.00006{\sim}0.00020\;hr^{-1}$의 범위에서 $25^{\circ}C$에서는 $0.0043{\sim}0.0046\;hr^{-1}$의 범위로 나타나 수온 상승에 따라 큰 폭으로 증가하였으며, 또한 투입된 geosmin의 농도가 10~10,000 ng/L로 증가할수록 생분해율 속도상수도 $0.0003{\sim}0.0882\;hr{-1}$로 증가하였다.