• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 2015

Citrus peel (CP) is used as a traditional herb with diverse beneficial pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-allergic effects. However, the anti-obesity effects of citrus peel are poorly defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate ethanol extracts of citrus peel (EECP) for its adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The aim of this study was to evaluate an EECP for its adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Treatment with EECP significantly suppressed the terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner, as confirmed by a decrease in lipid droplet number and lipid content and an accumulation of cellular triglyceride. EECP exhibited potential adipogenesis inhibition and downregulated the expression of pro-adipogenic transcription factors, such as sterol regulatory elementbinding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancerbinding proteins α (C/EBPα) and C/EBPβ, and adipocyte expressed genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2) and Leptin. In addition, EECP treatment effectively activated the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway; however, compound C, a specific inhibitor of AMPK, significantly reduced the EECP-induced inhibition of adipogenesis. Taken together, these results indicate EECP showed strong anti-obesity effects through the AMPK signaling pathway, and further studies will be needed to identify the active compounds that confer the anti-obesity activity of EECP.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.451-456
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• 2015

Purpose: Neuronal apoptotic events induced by aging and hypoxic/ischemic conditions is an important risk factor in neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemia stroke and Alzheimer's disease. The peel of Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka has long been used as a traditional medicine, based on multiple biological activities including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-obesity. In the current study, we examined the actions of fermented C. sunki peel extract against cobalt chloride ($CoCl_2$)-mediated hypoxic death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Methods: Cell viability was measured by trypan blue exclusion. Expression of apoptosis related proteins and release of cytochrome c were detected by western blot. Production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptotic morphology were examined using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. Results: Exposure to $CoCl_2$, a well-known mimetic agent of hypoxic/ischemic condition, resulted in neuronal cell death via caspase-3 dependent pathway. Extract of fermented C. sunki peel significantly rescued the $CoCl_2$-induced neuronal toxicity with the cell viability and appearance of apoptotic morphology. Cytoprotection with fermented C. sunki peel extract was associated with a decrease in activities of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP). In addition, increase in the intracellular ROS and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol were inhibited by treatment with extract of fermented C. sunki peel. Conclusion: Based on these data, fermented C. sunki peel extract might have a protective effect against $CoCl_2$-induced neuronal injury partly through generation of ROS and effectors involved in mitochondrial mediated apoptosis.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.83-89
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• 2017

Dangyuja (Citrus gradis), a native citrus fruit of Jeju Island, has sour and bitter tastes. Dangyuja is rich in dietary fiber and enhance antioxidant activity. In this study, sponge cake was prepared by adding Dangyuja peel powder, and its quality characteristics were investigated. The freeze-dried Dangyuja peel powder was added to sponge cakes at a content of 0% (control), 2% (DP2), 4% (DP4), 6% (DP6) and 8% (DP8) of wheat flour weight. The specific gravity and baking loss of dough tended to increase with the amount of Dangyuja peel powder added, but the pH value as well as volume index of the cake were decreased. The symmetry index of cake tended to increase. Color values of sponge cake crust showed no significant difference, but L value and a value of crumb were decreased. The hardness and chewiness were increased with adding Dangyuja peel powder. Springiness was the highest at DP2 (91.79%). Cohesiveness did not showed significant difference among all samples. In a consumer preference test, cake groups with Dangyuja peel powder was higher than DP0 in color, texture, and overall acceptability. From these results, it was concluded that Dangyuja affects characteristics of sponge cakes. When making Dangyuja peel sponge cakes, it is suitable for adding 4% Dangyuja peel powder.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 2002

In order to development of culture goods I made works with various color's silk fabrics dyed with water extract or methanol extract of plants. The Plants used for dyeing as dyeing material were indigo, safflower, amur cock tree, onion's Peel, citrus peel, mugwort, gromwell, sappan wood. Each of Plants were extracted by each of temperature and time. The mordants used for various color chanties are aluminium sulfate, cupric acetate mono hydrate, ferrous chloride. With fabrics of various color dyed like this I made works which give expression to an easy and natural image of the Korean nation of fabrics.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Citrus and its peels have been used in Asian folk medicine due to abundant flavonoids and usage of citrus peels, which are byproducts from juice and/or jam processing, may be a good strategy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of bioconversion of Jeju Hallabong tangor (Citrus kiyomi ${\times}$ ponkan; CKP) peels with cytolase (CKP-C) in RAW 264.7 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: Glycosides of CKP were converted into aglycosides with cytolase treatment. RAW 264.7 cells were pre-treated with 0, 100, or $200{\mu}g/ml$ of citrus peel extracts for 4 h, followed by stimulation with $1{\mu}g/ml$ lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 8 h. Cell viability, DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide (NO), and prostagladin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production were examined. Real time-PCR and western immunoblotting assay were performed for detection of mRNA and/or protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, respectively. RESULTS: HPLC analysis showed that treatment of CKP with cytolase resulted in decreased flavanone rutinoside forms (narirutin and hesperidin) and increased flavanone aglycoside forms (naringenin and hesperetin). DPPH scavenging activities were observed in a dose-dependent manner for all of the citrus peel extracts and CKP-C was more potent than intact CKP. All of the citrus peel extracts decreased NO production by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and $PGE_2$ production by COX-2. Higher dose of CKP and all CKP-C groups significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of LPS-stimulated iNOS. Only $200{\mu}g/ml$ of CKP-C markedly decreased mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Both 100 and $200{\mu}g/ml$ of CKP-C notably inhibited mRNA levels of $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) and IL-6, whereas $200{\mu}g/ml$ CKP-C significantly inhibited mRNA levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$. CONCLUSIONS: This result suggests that bioconversion of citrus peels with cytolase may enrich aglycoside flavanones of citrus peels and provide more potent functional food materials for prevention of chronic diseases attributable to oxidation and inflammation by increasing radical scavenging activity and suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.113-123
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• 2018

The application of 112 samples of Citrus fruit peel, which is commonly cultivated in Korea as crude drug, has been limited due to the absence of criteria concerning chemical constituents and application of itself. In the context, this study is on the analysis of 11 flavonoid compounds. As a result, the flavonoid pattern could be classified into 5 groups. Furthermore, by utilizing this HPLC data, this study could provide a basis for fruit peel applications of not only Citrus unshiu, but also its cultivars, hybrids and some of Citrus plants which has been cultivated in Jeju Island for a long time. Moondan could be used for the same purposes as Chinese Huajuhong, and Poncirus trifoliata of Korean Jisil origin are effective enough, in terms of ingredients and function, compared with C. aurantium. Based on the content and composition of the PMF region in this study, C. unshiu and C. reticulata, as Tanaka System shows, should be considered as different hortcultural speicies. Also, Jikak, which is known as 'sour orange' until now, is confirmed as Chosen-daidai, C. tenuissima, that was reported by Tanaka in 1970, and this C. tenuissima could be used for the same purposes as sour orange.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1613-1618
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• 1999

Extracts of Citrus sudachi juice and peel were obtained by several organic solvents such as hexane, acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol. Their antimicrobial spectrum were determined against 14 strains of gram positive and 4 strains of gram negative bacteria by paper disk method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also obtained. Antimicrobial activities of solvent extracts from Citrus sudachi juice showed stronger than those of solvent extracts from peel. Acetone extract from juice showed the strongest antimicrobial activity among extracts, but the hexane extract did not show antimicrobial activities on tested target strains. The MIC was differant among tested strains; i.e. 0.5% (v/v) to Bacillus subtilis, 1% to Pseudomonas fragi, 1.5% to Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7, 2% to Propionibacterium acnes and Salmonella typhimurium, and 2.5% to Staphylococcus aureus.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.356-363
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• 2022

To investigate the functional activity of different citrus fruit peels, antioxidant compounds in 70% ethanol extracts of mandarin, lemon, orange, and grapefruit peel powders were identified, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities were quantitated. Mandarin peel contained the highest content of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid substances (21.46±0.12 mg GAE/g and 11.57±0.05 mg RE/g, respectively). The total phenolic compound content of the three other citrus fruits was 14.16±0.18-18.44±0.07, and their total flavonoid content was 5.51±0.10-7.46±0.09 mg RE/g. DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest in lemon peel (87.64±0.21%), and mandarin peel displayed the best antioxidant activity with respective ABTS radical scavenging activity and FRAP measurements of 43.20±0.61% and 78.82±1.06 mM TE/g. Grapefruit peel antimicrobial activity increased with treatment time, and was the most potent among the four tested citrus species, inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus by about 4.05 log cycle. These findings demonstrate that mandarin and grapefruit peel can be used to prevent oxidation, improve food storage capabilities, and potentially preserve food quality.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.500-503
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• 1996

Volatile compounds were extracted from freeze-dried citron peel(Citrus junos) using supercritical CO2 under 4,000psi at 40$\beta$. Four fractions were obtained with consumption of CO2. Volatile compounds of extracts were analyzed by GC-MSD. Yield of vol atile compounds from citron peel was 0.11g/CO2($\ell$) and maximum yield was 8.812g/kg. Major volatile compounds of extracts were dl-limonene, Υ-terpinene, linalool, sabinene, $\beta$-myrcene, $\alpha$-pinene, $\beta$-farnesene, $\alpha$-terpineol and terpinolene. $\alpha$-Pinene, $\beta$-myrcene and dl-limonene in the fractions decreased gradually, while $\alpha$-terpineol and $\beta$-farnesene increased as the consumption of CO2 increased.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 2018

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of operating parameters such as the temperature, initial concentration, contact time and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of antibiotics amoxicillin (AMX) by waste citrus peel based activated carbon (WCAC). The kinetics and isotherm experiment data can be well described with the pseudo-second order model and the Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of AMX by WCAC calculated from the Langmuir isotherm model was 125 mg/g. The adsorption of AMX by WCAC shows that the film diffusion (external mass transfer) and the intraparticle diffusion occur simultaneously during the adsorption process. The adsorption rate is more influenced by the intraparticle diffusion than that of the external mass transfer as the particle size of WCAC increases, and the intraparticle diffusion is the rate controlling step. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption reaction of AMX by WCAC was an endothermic and spontaneous process.