• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.285-292
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 3T3-L1 지방전구세포가 지방세포로 분화되는 과정에서 진피 에탄올 추출물(ethanol extracts of citrus peel, EECP)이 유발하는 항비만 효능에 대해서 조사하였다. 3T3-L1 세포의 생존율 및 증식에 영향을 미치지 않는 농도의 EECP를 처리하였을 경우 지방세포에서 특징적으로 나타나는 lipid droplet의 형성과 triglyceride의 생성도 억제되는 것으로 나타났다. EECP가 유발하는 지방세포로의 분화억제에는 PPARγ, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ 및 SREBP-1c 등과 같은 adipogenic transcription factors의 발현억제가 관여하는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 결과로 aP2 및 Leptin과 같은 adipocyte expressed genes의 발현도 억제되는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 EECP는 AMPK 및 ACC의 인산화를 유발하였으며, AMPK 억제제인 Compound C를 이용하여 AMPK의 활성을 억제하였을 경우 EECP에 의한 AMPK의 인산화와 adipogenic transcription factors의 억제현상이 회복되었다. 이상의 결과에서 EECP는 AMPK signaling pathway를 통하여 항비만 효능을 가진다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 향후 비만 예방 및 억제와 관련된 기능성 소재로서의 진피의 활용 가능성을 제시한 것으로서 그 가치가 매우 높을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.451-456
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• 2015

Purpose: Neuronal apoptotic events induced by aging and hypoxic/ischemic conditions is an important risk factor in neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemia stroke and Alzheimer's disease. The peel of Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka has long been used as a traditional medicine, based on multiple biological activities including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-obesity. In the current study, we examined the actions of fermented C. sunki peel extract against cobalt chloride ($CoCl_2$)-mediated hypoxic death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Methods: Cell viability was measured by trypan blue exclusion. Expression of apoptosis related proteins and release of cytochrome c were detected by western blot. Production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptotic morphology were examined using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. Results: Exposure to $CoCl_2$, a well-known mimetic agent of hypoxic/ischemic condition, resulted in neuronal cell death via caspase-3 dependent pathway. Extract of fermented C. sunki peel significantly rescued the $CoCl_2$-induced neuronal toxicity with the cell viability and appearance of apoptotic morphology. Cytoprotection with fermented C. sunki peel extract was associated with a decrease in activities of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP). In addition, increase in the intracellular ROS and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol were inhibited by treatment with extract of fermented C. sunki peel. Conclusion: Based on these data, fermented C. sunki peel extract might have a protective effect against $CoCl_2$-induced neuronal injury partly through generation of ROS and effectors involved in mitochondrial mediated apoptosis.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2017

Dangyuja (Citrus gradis), a native citrus fruit of Jeju Island, has sour and bitter tastes. Dangyuja is rich in dietary fiber and enhance antioxidant activity. In this study, sponge cake was prepared by adding Dangyuja peel powder, and its quality characteristics were investigated. The freeze-dried Dangyuja peel powder was added to sponge cakes at a content of 0% (control), 2% (DP2), 4% (DP4), 6% (DP6) and 8% (DP8) of wheat flour weight. The specific gravity and baking loss of dough tended to increase with the amount of Dangyuja peel powder added, but the pH value as well as volume index of the cake were decreased. The symmetry index of cake tended to increase. Color values of sponge cake crust showed no significant difference, but L value and a value of crumb were decreased. The hardness and chewiness were increased with adding Dangyuja peel powder. Springiness was the highest at DP2 (91.79%). Cohesiveness did not showed significant difference among all samples. In a consumer preference test, cake groups with Dangyuja peel powder was higher than DP0 in color, texture, and overall acceptability. From these results, it was concluded that Dangyuja affects characteristics of sponge cakes. When making Dangyuja peel sponge cakes, it is suitable for adding 4% Dangyuja peel powder.

• 복식
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.91-101
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• 2002

In order to development of culture goods I made works with various color's silk fabrics dyed with water extract or methanol extract of plants. The Plants used for dyeing as dyeing material were indigo, safflower, amur cock tree, onion's Peel, citrus peel, mugwort, gromwell, sappan wood. Each of Plants were extracted by each of temperature and time. The mordants used for various color chanties are aluminium sulfate, cupric acetate mono hydrate, ferrous chloride. With fabrics of various color dyed like this I made works which give expression to an easy and natural image of the Korean nation of fabrics.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Citrus and its peels have been used in Asian folk medicine due to abundant flavonoids and usage of citrus peels, which are byproducts from juice and/or jam processing, may be a good strategy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of bioconversion of Jeju Hallabong tangor (Citrus kiyomi ${\times}$ ponkan; CKP) peels with cytolase (CKP-C) in RAW 264.7 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: Glycosides of CKP were converted into aglycosides with cytolase treatment. RAW 264.7 cells were pre-treated with 0, 100, or $200{\mu}g/ml$ of citrus peel extracts for 4 h, followed by stimulation with $1{\mu}g/ml$ lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 8 h. Cell viability, DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide (NO), and prostagladin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production were examined. Real time-PCR and western immunoblotting assay were performed for detection of mRNA and/or protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, respectively. RESULTS: HPLC analysis showed that treatment of CKP with cytolase resulted in decreased flavanone rutinoside forms (narirutin and hesperidin) and increased flavanone aglycoside forms (naringenin and hesperetin). DPPH scavenging activities were observed in a dose-dependent manner for all of the citrus peel extracts and CKP-C was more potent than intact CKP. All of the citrus peel extracts decreased NO production by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and $PGE_2$ production by COX-2. Higher dose of CKP and all CKP-C groups significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of LPS-stimulated iNOS. Only $200{\mu}g/ml$ of CKP-C markedly decreased mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Both 100 and $200{\mu}g/ml$ of CKP-C notably inhibited mRNA levels of $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) and IL-6, whereas $200{\mu}g/ml$ CKP-C significantly inhibited mRNA levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$. CONCLUSIONS: This result suggests that bioconversion of citrus peels with cytolase may enrich aglycoside flavanones of citrus peels and provide more potent functional food materials for prevention of chronic diseases attributable to oxidation and inflammation by increasing radical scavenging activity and suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines.

• 생약학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.113-123
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• 2018

The application of 112 samples of Citrus fruit peel, which is commonly cultivated in Korea as crude drug, has been limited due to the absence of criteria concerning chemical constituents and application of itself. In the context, this study is on the analysis of 11 flavonoid compounds. As a result, the flavonoid pattern could be classified into 5 groups. Furthermore, by utilizing this HPLC data, this study could provide a basis for fruit peel applications of not only Citrus unshiu, but also its cultivars, hybrids and some of Citrus plants which has been cultivated in Jeju Island for a long time. Moondan could be used for the same purposes as Chinese Huajuhong, and Poncirus trifoliata of Korean Jisil origin are effective enough, in terms of ingredients and function, compared with C. aurantium. Based on the content and composition of the PMF region in this study, C. unshiu and C. reticulata, as Tanaka System shows, should be considered as different hortcultural speicies. Also, Jikak, which is known as 'sour orange' until now, is confirmed as Chosen-daidai, C. tenuissima, that was reported by Tanaka in 1970, and this C. tenuissima could be used for the same purposes as sour orange.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.1613-1618
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• 1999

영귤(Citrus sudachi) 중의 항균성 물질을 검색하기 위하여 영글 과즙 및 과피를 hexane, acetone, ethyl acetate과 methanol로 추출하여 그램 양성 세균 14종과 그램 음성 세균 4종을 사용하여 항균 효과를 측정한 결과 영귤 과즙 추출물은 과피 추출물보다 항균 효과가 우수하였으며, 그 중 영귤 J-A추출물이 가장 강한 항균 활성을 나타내었다. 특히 B. subtilis, E. coli O157 : H7에 대하여 강한 항균력을 나타내었다. 영귤J-A추출물의 첨가 농도(0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2. 2.5%)에 따른 항균 효과를 조사한 결과, 모든 실험균이 1%(v/v) 첨가 농도 미만에서 생육이 지연되었으며, B. subtilis는 0.5%, P. fragi는 1%, L. Monocytogenes와 E. coli는 0.5%, P. fragi는 1%, L. monocytogenes와 E. coli O157 : H7은 1.5%, P. acnes와 S. typhimurium은 2%, S. aureus는 2.5% 첨가 농도에서 생육이 정지되었다. 영귤 J-A 추출물의 항균력은 동정되지 않은 천연항균 물질과 citric acid의 상승효과에 기인하는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.356-363
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• 2022

감귤류 종류에 따른 과피의 생리활성을 조사하기 위해 mandarin, lemon, orange, grapefruit 과피 분말을 시료로 하여 70% ethanol 추출물을 제조한 후 산화방지 성분 및 활성과 식중독 세균 억제 활성을 측정하였다. Mandarin 과피는 총 페놀화합물과 총 플라보노이드 물질을 각각 21.46±0.12 mg GAE/g, 11.57±0.05 mg RE/g으로 가장 많이 함유하고 있었다. Mandarin 이외 3종의 감귤류 과피의 총 페놀화합물 함량은 14.16±0.18-18.44±0.07 이었으며, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 5.51±0.10-7.46±0.09 mg RE/g으로 나타났다. 산화방지 활성을 측정한 결과 lemon 과피의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능이 가장 높은 87.64±0.21%를 나타냈으며, ABTS 라디칼 소거능과 FRAP 측정 결과 mandarin 과피가 각각 43.20±0.61%, 78.82±1.06 mM TE/g으로 가장 우수한 산화방지 활성을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 식중독 세균 억제 활성 시험에서 grapefruit 과피는 처리 시간이 경과함에 따라 억제 활성이 증가했으며 S. aureus를 4.05 log cfu/mL 정도 억제하여 4종의 감귤류 중 식중독 세균 억제 활성이 가장 뛰어났다. 본 연구 결과에 따라, 감귤류 중 mandarin과 grapefruit 과피는 산화방지 및 식중독 세균 억제 등 식품의 저장성을 향상시킬 목적으로 사용될 수 있으며 이에 따라 품질보존료로서 잠재적 가능성이 높다고 생각된다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.500-503
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• 1996

초임계 이산화탄소를 이용하여 유자(Citrus junos) 껍질의 향기성분을 추출하기 위해 동결건조한 유자과피분말을 4,000psi와 4$0^{\circ}C$에서 운전하면서 이산화탄소의 소비량에 따라 4단계로 분획하여 분획별 향기성분의 특성을 조사하였다. 초임계 이산화탄소에 대한 유자의 향기성분의 수율은 0.011g/CO2(L)였으며, 최대추출 수율은 8.812g/kg이었다. 초임계 이산화탄소로 추출한 유지과피의 주요향기성분은 dl-limonene, Υ-terpinene, linalool, sabinene, $\beta$-myrcene, $\alpha$-pinene, $\beta$-farnesene, $\alpha$-terpineol과 terpinolene 등 9종이었다. 분획별 향기성분은 휘발성이 높은 $\alpha$-pinene, $\beta$-myrcene과 dl-limonene은 추출시간이 길어짐에 따라 함량이 감소하였으며, 이와 반대로 휘발성이 낮은 $\alpha$-terpineol과 $\beta$-farnesene은 추출시간이 길어짐에 따라 함량이 증가하였다. 따라서 초임계 이산화탄소로 유자의 향기성분을 추출할 경우 추출시간에 따라 얻어지는 분획의 향기성분 조성이 서로 다른 것으로 나타났다.

• 공업화학
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.369-375
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• 2018

폐감귤박 활성탄(WCAC, waste citrus peel based activated carbon)에 의한 항생제 아목시실린(AMX)의 흡착에서 온도, 초기농도, 접촉시간 및 흡착제 투여량과 같은 운전변수의 영향을 조사하기 위해 회분식 실험을 수행하였다. 흡착 속도 및 등온 실험결과는 각각 유사 2차 속도식 및 Langmuir 등온 모델에 의해 잘 설명될 수 있었다. Langmuir 등온 모델로부터 계산된 WCAC에 의한 AMX의 최대 흡착량은 345.49 mg/g이었다. WCAC에 의한 AMX의 흡착은 흡착 과정에서 막 확산(외부 물질 전달)과 입자 내부 확산이 동시에 일어난다는 것을 보여 주었다. 흡착 속도는 WCAC의 입자 크기가 증가함에 따라 외부 물질 전달보다 입자 내부 확산에 의해 더 영향을 받았고, 입자 내부 확산이 율속 단계였다. 열역학적 파라미터는 WCAC에 의한 AMX의 흡착 반응은 흡열반응이고 자발적인 과정임을 나타내었다.