• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.585-596
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• 2015

Chicken breast dipped with citric acid (CA) was treated by sous vide processing and stored in a refrigerated state for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 14 d. A non-dipped control group (CON) and three groups dipped in different concentrations of citric acid concentration were analyzed (0.5%, 0.5CIT; 2.0%, 2CIT and 5.0%, 5CIT; w/v). Cooking yield and moisture content increased due to the citric acid. While the redness of the juice and meat in all groups showed significant increase during storage, the redness of the citric acid groups was reduced compared to the control group (p<0.05). The percentage of myoglobin denaturation (PMD) of the CA groups was also increased according to the level of CA during storage. Total aerobic counts, Enterobacteriaceae counts, volatile basic nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were generally lower in the citric acid-treated samples than in untreated ones, indicating extended shelf life of the cooked chicken breast dipped in citric acid solution. The shear force of the 2CIT and 5CIT groups was significantly lower (p<0.05). The findings indicated positive effects in the physicochemical properties and storage ability of sous vide chicken breast at 2% and 5% citric acid concentrations.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.878-882
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• 2008

The efficacy of citric acid-aqueous chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$) treatment of radish seeds artificially contaminated with Escherichia coli was studied. Radish seeds were inoculated with E. coli. Following inoculation, samples were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and soaked in citric acid or aqueous $ClO_2$ for 10 min. The treatment of radish seeds using 200 ppm aqueous $ClO_2$ solution caused a 1.5 log CFU/g reduction in the population of E. coli. Compared to the aqueous $ClO_2$ treatment, soaking radish seeds in 2.0% citric acid solution for 10 min was more effective in reducing E. coli populations on radish seeds. The efficacy of spray application of chlorine (100 ppm) or 0.5% citric acid to eliminate E. coli during the germination and growth of radish was investigated. Radish seed inoculated with E. coli was treated for the duration of the growth period. Although it resulted in a decrease in the E. coli population, the spray application of 100 ppm chlorine during the growth period was not significantly effective. In contrast, the combined treatment of seeds using 200 ppm aqueous $ClO_2$ and treatment of sprouts with 0.5% citric acid solution during sprout growth was hardly effective in eliminating E. coli.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.199-202
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• 2004

In this study the field-scale tests were performed in which in-situ E/K remediation technologies were applied, and then the results were present. For traditional E/K remediation method the efficiency of remediation is not large, but the enhanced method with citric acid significantly increases the removal efficiency. Also EDTA, reported as a good enhancement agent for removal of heavy metals, is similar to that of citric acid. Therefore citric acid is preferred rather than EDTA in view of the cost on the contaminant removal per unit concentration.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1284-1288
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• 2009

To produce high quality fish oil products, additional deodorization experiments on purified fish oil from squid using columns filled with citric acid or gluconic acid were performed. A deodorization effect on the fish oil was observed on both the citric acid and gluconic acid columns. These effects were more efficient on the columns packed with 3 g of organic acid than those with 1 g or 2 g of organic acid. In addition, a better effect was observed in the column packed with gluconic acid than that with citric acid. Peroxide value (POV) and acid value (AV) of the sample treated with citric acid was the as same as the non-treated sample. However, POV and AV of the sample treated with gluconic acid were about 10% higher than the non-treated sample. Contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of the samples treated with citric acid or gluconic acid columns were about 0.5% higher than the non-treated sample. In conclusion, deodorization of squid fish oil by organic acid could be an efficient method to produce high quality fish oil products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.190-197
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• 2010

Changes in the quality of buckwheat sprout treated with organic acid solutions such as ascorbic, citric and acetic acid were examined during storage in order to judge the feasibility of acid dipping as a pretreatment for extending shelf-life. Quality attributes of buckwheat sprout stored at $5^{\circ}C$ were measured in terms of microbial cell count, moisture content, soluble solids content, chromaticity, and sensory evaluation over different storage times. For microbial growth inhibition, combinations of 0.05% acetic acid and 0.5% citric acid or 1% ascorbic acid and 0.5% citric acid were more effective than other treatments. Slight changes were observed in moisture content among the treatments, whereas soluble solids content of each treatment was increased during storage. In chromaticity, the Hunter's a value of buckwheat sprout treated with acetic acid alone or acetic acid combinations showed the largest increase. Dipping treatment with ascorbic acid and citric acid produced only slight changes in color of the sprout. In the sensory evaluation of discoloration (head, stem and root), wilting and overall quality, ascorbic acid and citric acid treatments gave the highest scores. These results suggest that dipping treatment of buckwheat sprout with citric acid can confer more positive effects on storage stability than others.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.754-759
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• 2008

The effect of citric acid-aqueous chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$) treatment of radish seeds artificially contaminated with Salmonella typhimurium was studied. Radish seeds were inoculated by immersion, in more than 106 log CFU/g seed, of a suspension of S. typhimurium, dried, and stored sealed at $4^{\circ}C$ Radish seeds soaked in 200 ppm aqueous ClO2 solution for 10 min showed a bacterial reduction of 1.08 log CFU/g seed, and the lowering of microbial burden noted in seeds soaked in 2% (w/v) citric acid solution for 10 min was 2.89 log CFU/g seed. Next, radish seeds were exposed to 0.5% (v/v) glycerol solution for 10 min either before or after treatment with 200 ppm aqueous ClO2 or 2% (w/v) citric acid for 10 min. Glycerol exposure after citric acid treatment reduced bacteria by 3.46 log CFU/g seed, and glycerol treatment after aqueous $ClO_2$ treatment reduced the microbial burden by 2.14 log CFU/g seed. Both glycerol treatments yielded better elimination of S. typhimurium than did a single treatment with either citric acid or aqueous $ClO_2$. Radish seeds inoculated with S. typhimurium were treated throughout the entire growth period. Although radish seed treatment was effective, treatment by citric acid and aqueous $ClO_2$ after sprouting was not effective to eliminate S. typhimurium.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.874-878
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• 2012

In the submerged fermentation of fungi, it was known pH had significant effect on the citric acid production. Various growth conditions were applied with different buffer on citric acid production by Aspergillus niger NRRL 567 grown on peat moss to find the optimum pH and most effective buffer solution. The initial pHs of different buffer solutions significantly influenced on the citric acid production and A. niger NRRL 567 produced citric acid more efficiently at high pHs. A phosphate buffer and a carbonate buffer with pH 8.6 and pH 10.0 were identified as suitable buffer solutions for citric acid production. The maximal citric acid production of 564.3 g/kg solid substrate was achieved employing carbonate buffer at pH 10.0.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.132-142
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• 2018

An elephant digests only around 30~45% of what it consumes; therefore the undigested material mainly passes as intact fibres. Elephant food is usually composed of grass, leaves, twigs, bark, fruit and seed pods. This research aimed to utilize the elephant dung fibers as material for composite board and citric acid as a bonding agent. Citric acid contents in this research were set at 0 wt% (binderless composite board), 10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt% based on dry weight particles, while the target density was set at $0.8g/cm^3$. Pressing temperatures were set at $180^{\circ}C$ and $200^{\circ}C$ with the pressing time was 10 minutes. Physical and mechanical properties tests were then performed according to Japanese Industrial Standard A 5905. The result showed that elephant dung fibers could be used as potential materials for composite board. Addition of citric acid and pressing temperature significantly increased the quality of composite board. Infrared analysis indicated that the presence of ester linkages much higher with the increasing of citric acid content and pressing temperature. The optimum properties of composite board made from elephant dung fibers could be achieved at pressing temperature of $200^{\circ}C$ and a citric acid content of 20 wt%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

This study was carried out not only to identify the optimum concentrations of sulfur powder and citric acid treated for improving arsenic absorption of Pteris multifuda known as hyperaccumulator of arsenic, but also to develop arsenic purification model in the forest soil. After applying sulfur powder (0, 30, 45, $60g{\cdot}m^{-2}$) and citric acid (0, 200, 400, $800g{\cdot}m^{-2}$) in the forest soil contaminated with heavy metals, P. multifuda was planted and cultivated for 16 weeks. And then the growth and arsenic contents of plants were analyzed. In the result of research, the growth of P. mulifuda, except plant width, cultivated in soils treated with sulfur powder and citric acid was relatively lower than control. The accumulated amount of arsenic in aerial parts of P. multifuda ($1822.2mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) cultivated in soils treated with $200g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ citric acid was improved 62.5% against the control. And the accumulated amount of arsenic per 1 $m^2$ ($20.1mg{\cdot}m^{-2}$) was the greatest in $200g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ citric acid treatment. Translocation rate (TR) was higher in all acid treatment compare to control, and was the best in $200g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ citric acid treatment (0.95) especially. It showed that the arsenic absorbed in underground parts was transferred fast to aerial parts. Therefore, $200g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ citric acid treatment in the soil is recommended for arsenic purification using P. multifuda.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.359-364
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• 2005

The possible use of milk factory waste water as fermentation media for the production of citric acid by cells of Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142 has been investigated. The addition of $Mn^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ to a medium promoted the citric acid production steadily, but addition of another metal ion $Mg^{2+}$decreased the citric acid production. The concentrations of citric acid were marked up to 7.2g/1 and 16.5g/l in a batch bioreactor by A. niger ATCC 9142 with 50g/1 and 100g/l of reducing sugar concentration in milk factory waste water, respectively.