• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.162-166
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• 2001

The effect of petroleum ether soluble fraction (PESF) and panaxydol extracted from red ginseng on serum cholesterol levels was examined in rats and mice fed on a high cholesterol diet. When 2% cholesterol diet containing PESF (800mg/kg diet) or panaxydol (100mg/kg diet) was fed to mice for two weeks, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in the serum were significantly decreased in PESF and panaxydol treated group. Panaxydol (5, 10mg/kg b.w./day) was administered for 3 consecutive days by intraperitoneal injection in rats fed on 1% cholesterol diet. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol levels of panaxydol administered group (5 mg/kg b.w./day) were decreased by 55%, 33% and 67% compared with those of the control group, respectively. However, a significant increase of serum HDL-cholesterol was observed on panaxydol administered group. Furthermore, hepatic cholestrol levels was significantly decreased in panaxydol administered group. These results suggest that panaxydol could protect hypercholesterolemia.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.312-318
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soybean germ of Glycin max Merrill on the improvement of lipids in the serum of cholesterol supplemented diet induced dietary hyperlipidemic rats fed for 4 weeks. The experiment diet was mixed with 0.75% cholesterol recieved a basic diet mixed with 0.75% cholesterol. No significance differences in efficency of food, liver kidney and heart. Concentration of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in serum was significantly lower in the methanol extracts of soybean sprout than the cholesterol supplemented diet group. In the ratio of HDL-cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol concentration, the methanol extracts of soybean sprout administration group was higher percentage than the ocher groups. Atherosclerotic index was lower in the methanol extracts of soybean sprout group than in the cholesterol group. Concentration of phospholipid in serum was more decreased in the methanol extracts of soybean sprout group than in the cholesterol diet group. From these results, the methanol extracts of soybean sprout were effective on the improvement of the lipid compositions in the serum of high fat diet induced dietary hyperlipidemic rats.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.575-579
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Astragali Radix on the diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Hyperlipedemia was induced in rats with high fat diet. Rats were divided into 4 groups, normal group(supplied enough water and feeds only), high fat diet administered group(supplied high fat diet for 4 weeks, Control group) and Astragali Radix administered group(supplied high fat diet and Astragali Radix lyophilization extract for 4 weeks, 178.6 mg/kg(rat) in sample A, 297.8 mg/kg(rat) in sample B). Body weight, liver weight and serum lipid levels were evaluated. The water extract of Astragali Radix decreased body weight, liver weight, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and phospolipid in high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in rats, and increased HDL-cholesterol.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1023-1028
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• 2007

This study was designed to determine whether dietary glutinous barley (GB) affects lipid metabolism in middle-aged rats previously fed a high-fat diet. To induce obesity, 20 male 9-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were raised for 1 month on a diet containing 20%(w/w) lipid. The rats were allocated to 1 of 2 groups of 10 rats each and for the subsequent 2 months were fed an 8%(w/w) lipid diet containing well-milled rice (WMR) or GB powder. Rats fed the GB diet had significantly lower concentrations of plasma triglyceride, plasma total cholesterol, and liver cholesterol than rats fed the WMR diet. Fecal excretions of triglyceride and bile acids were significantly greater for the GB group than for the WMR group. In conclusion, dietary GB has positive effects on lipid metabolism: it decreases plasma cholesterol concentration by increasing fecal excretion of bile acids.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.104-110
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• 2007

Aralia contientalis show several beneficial effects including anti-oxidant effects. Aralia contientalis is used as a therapeutic agent to stop haemorrhages and a tonic to promoted health in Korean and Chinese medicine. The pharmacokinetic profiles of the main Aralia contientalis is still not accurately investigated. In present study, I examined the effects of water extracts of Aralia contientalis on high cholesterol diet atherosclerosis-induced rats in serum and abdominal aorta. A total of 3-week old 9 male rats of Sprague-Dawley were divided into 3 groups and fed with the basal diet (normal group), high cholesterol diet (atherosclerosis induced group) for 8 weeks, high cholesterol diet supplemented with water extracts of Aralia contientalis (Aralia contientalis group) for 2 weeks. And rats were sacrificed, serum lipid level, abodominal aortic anti-oxidant activities and lipid peroxide were measured. These results indicated that serum total cholesterl, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides concentration significently lowered in Aralia contientalis group than high cholesterol diet group. But HDL-cholesterol concentraion significently higher in Aralia contientalis group than high cholesterol diet group.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.632-637
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of red pericarp glutinous rice rich in polyphenols (Jakwangchalbyeo, red rice) on serum and hepatic levels of cholesterol and hepatic protein expression linked to synthesis and degradation of cholesterol in a hypercholesterolemic mice diet as compared with brown rice. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 5 each), which were fed different diets for a period of 12 weeks: American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93G diet, AIN-93G diet with 2% cholesterol, brown rice with 2% cholesterol, or red rice with 2% cholesterol. RESULT: Consumption of red rice resulted in a significant decrease in serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hepatic levels of triglyceride and total-cholesterol. Expression of acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase-2 (ACAT-2), sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), and 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase was decreased, while expression of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (p-AMPK)/AMPK ratio, cholesterol 7-${\alpha}$-hydroxylase (CYP7a1), and sterol 12-${\alpha}$-hydroxylase (CYP8b1) was increased in mice fed red rice. Brown rice had similar effects on cholesterol metabolism, but the effect of red rice was significantly greater than that of brown rice. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggested that red rice had a hypocholesterolemic effect by lowering hepatic cholesterol synthesis through ACAT-2, HMG-CoA reductase, and SREBP-2, and by enhancing hepatic cholesterol degradation through CYP7a1 and CYP8b1 in mice fed a hypercholesterolemic diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.793-800
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidative effects of Paeonia lactiflora (PL) seeds on antioxidative defense system and lipid peroxidation of liver in rats fed high-cholesterol diet. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 $\pm$10g were randomly assigned into five experimental groups fed 0.5% cholesterol ; HC group which was not supplemented PL seeds extract, 0.1% methanol extract diet group (MP1 group), 0.2% methanol extract diet group (MP2 group), 0.05% ether-souble fraction diet group (EP1 group) and 0.1 % ether-souble fraction diet group (EP2 group). Experimental diets were fed ad libitum to the rats for 3 weeks. The activity of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) was not significantly different among all the high cholesterol diet groups. The hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx) activity in MP2 group was increased to 27% compared to HC group. The activity of hepatic catalase (CAT) was not significantly different among the all high cholesterol diet groups. The hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the EP1 and EP2 groups were increased to 12% and 13%, respectively, as compared to HC group. The levels of hepatic TBARS in the MP1, MP2, EP1 and EP2 groups were reduced by 18%, 21%, 20% and 23%, respectively, as compared with HC group. The contents of lipofuscin in liver was not significantly different among all the experimental groups. The results indicated that PL seeds extract may be reduced oxidative damage by activating antioxidative defense system of hepatic in rats fed high-cholesterol diets. (Korean J Nutrition 36(8): 793∼800, 2003)

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 1998

In order to independently examine the effects of long-chain saturated fatty acids and dietary cholesterol levels on plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations, six different diets were fed to male Mongolian gerbils (14 gerbils pes grcup) for an 8-week period. Purified diets contained 36% energy as fat (each saturated fatty acid tested comprised about 20% of the total fat energy) and 0.06% (w/w) cholesterol, corresponding to typical human consumption patterns in Western diets. Fat blends were formulated with natural fat sources. To determine the effects of different saturated fatty acids on plasma and liver cholesterol levels, four of the six diets contained constant levels of all nutrients except for the amounts of lauric acid (12 0), myristic acid (14 : 0), palmitic acid (16 0), and stearic acid (18 : 0). Dietary cholesterol effects were tested using 16 : 0-enriched diets containing 0, 0.006, and 0.06% (w/w) cholesterol. None of the plasma lipids were influenced by fatty acid treatment, including triglycerides, plasma total-, VLDL+LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol. However, hepatic esterified cholesterol concentrations were increased in the palmitic and stearic arid diet groups compared to the lauric and myristic acid diet group. The molar ratios of hepatic EC/FC were the highest in the palmitic acid diet (12.2 $\pm$0.6) and the lowest in the myristic acid diet (6.4$\pm$0.2). Dietary cholesterol significantly (p<0.001) increased the plasma total cholesterol which was due to the increase of both HDL-and VLDL+LDL-cholesterol. In the absence of dietary cholesterol and compared to other species, the gerbil exhibited a high molar ratio of hepatic EC/FC, which was funker elevated by dietary cholesterol feeding (0.06%). The results from this study indicate that hepatic cholesterol concentrations are sensitive to both low levels of dietary cholesterol and saturated fatty acid chain length and also, that plasma cholesterol concentrations are sensitive to low levels of dietary cholesterol .

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.251-256
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• 2005

An extract obtained from germinated brown rice was evaluated for protective effects against the adverse effects of a chronic high fat diet. C57BL6/J mice were divided into three groups; normal diet + water group (ND), high fat diet + water group (HD), high fat diet + brown rice water extract group (HD + BE) and fed for 8 weeks (6 day/week). The ND group diet was 11 kcal fat $\%$. The HD group and HD + BE group diet were 42 kcal fat $\%$. Weight gains were not significantly different between groups. However, abdominal fat $\%$ was 1.6-fold higher in the HD group than HD + BE group. Feed consumption was significantly higher in the ND group than HD group. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol increased with a high fat diet, but decreased by brown rice water extract administration to the high fat diet group. Serum HDL-cholesterol decreased by the high fat diet, but increased by the brown rice wate extract administration. Also, serum HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio was 2.3-fold higher in the HD + BE than the HD. Liver triglyceride and total cholesterol were not significantly different among groups. These data suggest that brown rice water extract administration improves the serum lipid profiles of C57BL/6J mice.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2001

This study conducted to investigate the effects of feeding Fermkito 50 on the egg production and egg quality hens. One hundred forty four, 50 weeks old ISA brown commercial layer, were used in a 28 d growth assay. Dietary treatments included 1) control(basal diet), 2) FERMO.5(based diet+0.5% Fermkito), 2) FERM1.0(basal diet+1.0% Fermkito), 3) FERM+YU(basal diet+0.5% Fermkito and 0.05% yucca extract). Overall (d 0 to 28), egg production tended to increase as the concentration of Fermkito 50 in the diets was increased without significant difference(P〈0.05). As adding level of Fermkito 50 increased in the diets, egg weight tended to increase. Laying hens fed FERM+YU diet were higher egg weight than laying hens fed control diet(P〈0.05). Egg shell breaking strength was not influenced by Fermkito 50. As adding level of Fermkito 50 was increased in the diets, yolk color tended to increase. Laying hens fed FERM+YU diet had improved egg yolk index compared to laying hens fed control diet. Total-cholesterol of egg yolk in FERM1.0 and FERM+YU treatments was significantly decreased compared to that in control diet(p〈0.05). Total-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in serum tended to increase as the concentration of Fermkito 50 in the diets was decreased(P〈0.05). Also, HDL-cholesterol concentration in serum with FERM1.0 and FEUM+YU treatments was significantly higher than control diet(P〈0.05). However, LDL-cholesterol concentration in serum with FERM1.0 and FERM0.5+YU treatments was significantly lower than control diet(P〈0.05). In conclusion, supplemental Fermkito 50 in laying hen diets can be used to improve egg quality.