• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.479-485
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• 2015

This experiment investigated whether yogurt containing fermented pepper juice (FPJY) affects cholesterol level in high fat and high cholesterol diet (HFCD) fed rat. Twenty five Sprague-Dawley male rats of 7 wk were divided into 5 groups, and fed following diets for 9 wk; CON (control diet), HFCD (HFCD), PY (HFCD supplemented with 2% of plain yogurt), LFY (HFCD supplemented with 2% of FPJY), and HFY (HFCD supplemented with 5% of FPJY). In the LFY group, hepatic total lipid level decreased significantly compared to the HFCD group (p<0.05). Serum HDL cholesterol level tended to increase and hepatic total cholesterol level decreased and were comparable to the CON group (p>0.05). In HFY group, body weight and hepatic total lipid level significantly decreased over the HFCD group (p<0.05). Serum and hepatic total cholesterol level, kidney, and body fat weights decreased, and were compared to the CON group (p>0.05). Liver weight decreased as FPJY content was increased. Results suggested FPJY would inhibit organ hypertrophy and accumulation of body fat, hepatic lipid, and cholesterol in HFCD fed rat.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.413-418
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the changes of the serological parameters of the rats fed a high fat and high cholesterol diets with or without quercetin supplement for five weeks. Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats ($152.1{\pm}17.0\;g$ of body weight) were randomly divided into three groups with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the control(C) group were fed the high fat and high cholesterol diet containing 15% lard, 2% cholesterol and 0.5% sodium cholate (w/w). Rats in two treatment groups were fed the same diet supplemented with 0.25% quercetin (Q-0.25) or 0.5% quercetin (Q-0.5) on the weight to weight basis, respectively. The final body weight, gain of body weight, the amount of feed intake and the feed efficiency of rats in between control and treatment groups were not significantly different. Serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio of rats showed no significant differences between control and treatment groups. Serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherogenic index(AI) of rats in both Q-0.25 and Q-0.5 groups were significantly lower than in C group (p < 0.05). However serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly higher in both Q-0.25 and Q-0.5 groups than in C group (p < 0.05). The levels of triglyceride in sera of rats showed no significant differences between control and treatment groups. The values of AST and ALT in sera of rats showed no significant differences between control and treatment groups. Therefore the supplementation of quercetin to high fat and high cholesterol diet in rats was effective in reducing the levels of serum lipids to cause cardiovascular diseases and in elevating the level of HDL-C to protect cardiovascular diseases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.766-775
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• 2011

We investigated the effect of high molecular weight polygamma- glutamic acid (hm ${\gamma}$-PGA) on adiposity and lipid metabolism of rats in the presence of an obesity-inducing diet. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a normal-fat (11.4% kcal fat, NFC) or high-fat (51% kcal fat, HFC) diet. After 5 weeks, half of each diet-fed group was treated with hm ${\gamma}$-PGA (NFP or HFP) for 4 weeks. The HFC group had significantly higher body weight, visceral fat mass, fasting serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and leptin, and lower serum HDL cholesterol level compared with those of the NFC group (p < 0.05). Treatment with hm ${\gamma}$-PGA decreased body weight gain and perirenal fat mass (p<0.05), fasting serum total cholesterol, and mRNA expression of glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), regardless of dietary fat contents (p < 0.01). However, hm ${\gamma}$-PGA increased serum HDL cholesterol in the HFC group (p < 0.05). In vitro, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A (HMGCoA) reductase activity was suppressed by the addition of hm ${\gamma}$-PGA. In agreement with observations in animal study, the supplementation of hm ${\gamma}$-PGA (150 mg/day) to 20 female subjects in an 8-week double-blind, placebocontrolled study resulted in a tendency to decrease total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations. We thus conclude that dietary supplementation of hm ${\gamma}$-PGA may act as a hypocholestrolemic agent, secondary to its inhibitor effect on HMG-CoA reductase, and decrease abdominal adiposity by decreasing hepatic lipogenesis. The present study is an important first step in establishing the effect of hm ${\gamma}$-PGA on cholesterol levels in rats and humans.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.38-42
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• 2009

We conducted two studies to determine the effect of gender, gonadectomy (GDX) on growth and plasma cholesterol levels in pigs. In experiment 1, five sham-operated and five GDX female Landrace pigs (26kg) were allowed to have free access to water and feed up to market weight (approximately 100kg). Body weight and feed consumption were recorded biweekly, and daily body weight gain, daily feed intake and feed efficiency (gain/feed) were calculated during the feeding period. In experiment 2, 10 male (26kg) and 10 female (26kg) Landrace pigs were used; five male and five female pigs were assigned to sham-operated or GDX. Pigs were allowed to have free access to water and a diet without added cholesterol (Table 1) until they were 6 months old (male 104 and female 98kg) and thereafter they were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (Table 1) containing 0.5% cholesterol and 0.1% cholate for 10 days. GDX of female pigs increased average daily gain (P<0.05), compared with their sham-operated counterparts during the growing-finishing period, but had no effect (P>0.05) on feed efficiency. Plasma cholesterol levels in pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet for 10 days were much higher (P<0.05) in females than in males (161 vs 104mg/100mL plasma), and were increased by GDX only in male pigs. HDL-cholesterol/LDL+VLDL-cholesterol ratio appeared to be higher in males than in females, and was not influenced by GDX in either sex. Results suggested that the lower growth rate of female pigs than their male counterparts is attributable to the ovarian activity, and the lower plasma cholesterol level in male than in female pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet is due to the testicular activity.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.302-308
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이 흰쥐에서 미나리 및 부추가 혈청 및 간조직의 지질대사에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 실험군을 5군으로 나누어 정상 식이군(N 군), 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이군(HF 군), 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이에 미나리를 5% 첨가한 군(OP 군), 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이에 부추를 5% 첨가한 군(AP 군), 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이에 미나리와 부추를 각각 2.5% 첨가한 군(OAP 군)으로 나누었다. 혈중의 중성지방 농도는 N 군에 비해 HF 군에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. HF 군에 비해 OP 및 AP 군에서 유의적이지는 않았지만 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고, 특히 OAP 군에서는 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 혈중 총콜레스테롤 함량은 HF 군이 N 군에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였으며 미나리 및 부추 공급군에서 HF 군에 비해 유의적이지는 않지만 감소하였다. HDL-콜레스테롤은 함량은 HF 군에 비해 미나리 및 부추 공급군에서 증가하였고, 특히 OAP 군에서 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. LDL-콜레스테롤은 함량은 HF 군에 비해 OP 군과 OAP 군에서 유의적으로 감소되어졌다. AI의 경우 HF 군에서 유의적으로 증가하였고, HF 군에 비해 미나리 및 부추 공급군 모두에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 간조직의 중성지방 함량은 HF 군에 비해 미나리 및 부추 공급군에서 감소하였고, 특히 OAP 군에서 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 간조직의 총 콜레스테롤 함량은 HF 군에 비해 미나리 및 부추 공급군 모두에서 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 분변의 중성지방 및 총콜레스테롤의 함량은 N 군에 비해 HF 군에서 유의적으로 증가하였고, 미나리 및 부추의 공급군에서 HF 군에 비해 유의적으로 증가되어졌다. 또한 OP 군에 비해 AP 군 및 OAP 군에서 유의적인 증가경향을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 미루어 미나리 및 부추는 지질대사 조절에 효과적으로 작용되어질 수 있음을 시사하였으며, 특히 미나리와 부추의 복합공급은 이러한 체내 지질조절에 상승효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2002

타우린이 산란계의 지방대사에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 두 번의 시험을 수행하였다. 시험 1에 있어서 19주령 산란계를 사료에 타우린을 첨가하지 않은 대조구, 0.4%,0.8%그리고 1.2%를 첨가한 4가지 시험구에 균일하게 분포시켜 10주 동안 사양하였다. 1.2%타우린 첨가시 산란계의 복강지방 량은 대조구에 비하여 29.2% 낮았다. 혈청 중 중성지방과 HDL-콜레스테롤의 농도는 처리구간 타이가 없었으나 총 콜레스테롤의 농도는 1.2% 타우린 첨가구가 대조구에 비하여 22.4%높았다. 간의 중성지방과 총 콜레스테롤의 농도는 0.8%그리고 1.2%타우린 첨가구가 대조구에 비하여 각각 26.1%와 26.4% 그리고 28.2%와 26.4% 낮았고, HDL-콜레스테롤의 농도도 1.2% 첨가구가 대조구에 비하여 33.9%낮았다. 시험 2에서는 81주령 산란계를 사료에 타우린을 첨가하지 않은 대조구, 1%그리고2%첨가한3가지 시험구에 균일하게 분포시켜 6주 동안 사양시험을 실시하였다. 1% 타우린 첨가구는 대조구에 비하여 복강지방량이 25%감소하였으나, 혈청 중 중성지방, 총콜레스테롤 및 HDL-콜레스테롤의 농도는 대조구와 차이가 없었다. 그러나 2% 타우린 첨가구는 대조구에 비하여 혈청 중 중성지방과 콜레스테롤의 농도가 각각 44%와 19.8% 낮았으며, HDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 대조구에 비하여 75% 높았다. 그리고 간의 중성지방과 총 콜레스테롤의 농도의 경우, 1%첨가구가 대조구에 비하여 각각 36.8%와 23%낮았으나, 2%첨가구는 대조구에 비하여 각각 78.4%와 70% 높았다. 또한 간의 HDL-cholesterol 농도의 경우, 1% 첨가구는 대조구와 차이가 없었으나 2% 첨가구는 62.8% 높았다. 본 연구의 결과는 산란계에 타우린의 급여는 복강지방의 축적을 억제하며, 이는 중성지방과 콜레스테롤 대사의 변화를 수반한다는 것을 보여준다.는 역할을 한다. 소풍의 적절한 활용은 시각적 요소 및 비언어적 전달요소에 의한 정보전달을 중심으로 주목률을 높일 뿐만 아니라 그에 뒤따르는 소구과정의 단계를 증폭시키고 가속화시킨다. 또한 소품의 사용은 광고물의 분위기나 가치, 신념 등도 전달할 수 있다. 따라서 좀더 많은 새로운 모험과 실험이 많아질수록 광고의 미래전망이 밝아질 것으로 예측된다.t and t-test were utilized for the statistical analysis of each parameter. The results showed that the differences in AU $C_{0-}$30hr/, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ between two were ~5.66, 1.74 and 0.00%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences ($\Delta$) at $\alpha$=0.05 were less than$\pm$ 20% except $T_{max}$ (8.44, 18.36, and 33.86%, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals of all parameters were within $\pm$20% (-10.60~ -0.72, -9.00~12.49 and -19.81~19.81%, respectively). Therefore, it is concluded that the two formulations are bioequivalent for both the extent and the rate of absorption after single dose administration.ation.ion.ion.ation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.273-280
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary iron levels on lipid metabolism, antioxidative and antithrombogenic capacities in 16-month-old rats. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley male 16-month-old rats weighing 618 $\pm$ 6 g were raised for 10 days with medium-iron diet (35 ppm in diet) and blocked into 4 groups according to their body weights. One of groups was sacrificed to obtain initial data and the rest 3 groups were raised for 3 months with experimental diets containing different levels of iron (5 ppm, 35 ppm, and 350 ppm). Total lipid, triglyceride and total chole-sterol concentrations in plasma and liver, HDL-cholesterol concentration in plasma, fecal total lipid triglyceride and total cholesterol excretions, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level in plasma LDL + VLDL (low density lipoprotein + very low density lipoprotein) fractions, blood-clotting time and eicosanoids levels in plasma were measured. The results are as follows: Plasma total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations, TBARS level in plasma LDL + VLDL fractions were increased and blood-clotting time tended to be shortened during 3 months of experimental period. Low (5 ppm) iron diet improved lipid metabolism via increasing HDL-cholesterol and fecal choles-terol excretion. High (350 ppm) iron diet decreased plasma total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations as compared to medium (35 ppm) iron diet and lowered body weight and epididymal fat pad weight. On the other hand, TBARS level in plasma LDL + VLDL fractions and blood-clotting time were increased with high iron diet. It is plausible that low iron diet improves lipid metabolism, antioxidative and antithrombogenic capacities in 16-month-old rats.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.633-640
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• 2001

김(Porphyra yezoensis)의 생리활성 물질인 porphyran을 분리 추출한 후, Sprague-Dawley계 흰쥐에 4주간 급여한 후의 혈액과 간의 지질농도와 간의 조직학적 변화를 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 혈청의 중성지질, 총 콜레스테롤 및 LDL-콜레스테롤은 정상군에 비해 대조군에서 중성지질, 총콜레스테롤 및 LDL-콜레스테롤함량이 높게 나타났다. porphyran 1%, 5% 및 10% 급이에서 첨가량이 증가할수록 혈청중의 중성지질, 총콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤함량은 유의적으로 감소한 반면, HDL-콜레스테롤함량은 증가하였다. 간 조직의 현미경학적인 관찰 결과 정상군에 비해 대조군에서 수많은 지방입자가 세포내에 침착되어 있었으며, porphyran 1% 급이군에서도 유사한 현상을 나타내었다. 그러나 porphyran 5% 및 10% 급이군에서는 점차 지방 입자가 감소되었음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 특히 10% porphyran 급이군에서는 정상군과 유사한 경향을 나타내 porphyran의 급여수준이 높을수록 간의 지방침착이 감소됨을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 고지혈증을 유발시킨 흰쥐의 식이에 김의 추출물인 porphyran의 첨가는 지방개선의 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.91-104
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the effect of herbal acupuncture(Angelica gigas, Astragalus membranaceus) at Chun-wan(CV-12) and Chok-Samni(ST36) on weight gain, food intake, food efficiency, serum of lipid concentrations, liver function and HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio of rats fed high fat diet for diet for 5 weeks. Methods : Experimental groups were divided into normal group, high fat diet group(Control), high fat diet and Angelica gigas herbal acupuncture at CV12 and ST36 treated group(HA-1), high fat diet and Astragalus membranaceus herbal acupuncture at CV12 and ST36 treated Group(HA-2), high fat diet and Astragalus membranaceus herbal acupuncture at CV12 and ST36 treated Group(HA-3). Herbal acupuncture was bilaterally treated at the level of 16.7 ul/kg body weight per day. Results : Body weight were significantly decreased on 15th and 20th day in HA-1, HA-2, and decresed on 25th and 30th day in all the groups. Food intake were increased on 20th day and after were decreased on 30th day in HA-1 and HA-2. And food intake of HA-3 were decreased on 10th day and after were increased on 20th and 25th day. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and ALT were significantly decreased in HA-1, HA-2 and HA-3 groups compared with control group. HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio were significantly increased in HA-1, HA-2 and HA-3 groups compared with control group. And food efficiency were significantly decreased in HA-1 and HA-3 groups compared with control group. Especially HDL-cholesterol were increased in HA-1 Group. Conclusions : Herbal acupuncture using Angelica gigas and Astragalus membranaceus at CV12 and ST36 can manage obesity by controlling body weight, food intake and food efficiency ratio.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.552-560
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• 1999

In this study, we investigated the effects of lowering the fat and cholesterol in the diets of 26 Korean hypercholesteolemic men($\geq$240mg/dl). They consumed 2378kcal/day with 20.9% of the energy deriving from fat, and a cholesterol intake of 282mg(118mg/1000kcal). The experimental diet consisted of 2400kcal, the same as their usual diet, but the fat content was restricted to 15%, and the cholesterol level to below 100mg/1000kcal. The subjects kept to this diet for four weeks and were asked to maintain their usual life activities during the experimental period. The dietary intake and levels of plasma lipid, lipoprotein-cholesterol and apoprotein of the subjects were analyzed before, two weeks into, and after four weeks dietary intervention. After two of the dietary intervention, there were no significant changes of plasma total cholesterol or triglyceride levels but there was some changes of phospholipid level. However, after four weeks, the levels of plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid had decreased significantly: 18.2%, 32.9%, and 11.9%, respectively. And the LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol levels also showed a marked reduction of 18.1%, and 33.0% respectively without change of HDL-cholesterol level. There were no changes in the levels of Apo-A 1, Apo-B, or Lp(a). The changes of the plasma lipid levels were significantly associated with the changes in dietary fat intake but not the cholesterol intake. In conclusion, although the responses to the dietary intervention varied among the individual subjects, the lowering of dietary fat component from 21% to 15% of energy intake seems to be an effective way to reduce plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels without decreasing HDL-cholesterol level. It was also found that the restriction of dietary cholesterol to below 100mg/1000kcal not seem to be effective for the hypercholesterolemic patient who already consuming below 300mg/day of cholesterol.