• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.125-135
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• 1977

Recently, culture of Undaria pinnatifida, one of the representative esculent sea weed, has been prevailing in tile east and south coasta of Korea and reached the mass culture stage. In this study, compositional quality factors for food were studied and the contributory effects of blanching and pigment fixatives in the quality retention of cultured Undaria pinnatifida are discussed. When the place and time of harvesting were the same, cultured pinnatifida showed scarce difference in the chemical composition comparing to tile naturally grown Undaria pinnatifida, but cultured Undaria pinnatifida shelved a considerable difference depending upon the cultured places. In the chemical composition of Undaria pinnatifida, the alginic acid comprising about $40\%$ of the whole solid materials seemed to be responsible for the compositional puality. The chlorophyll and carotenoid content of the clutured Unaria pinnatifida were considerably lower than that of the naturally grown Undaria pinnatifida and wass inferior in puality by color to the naturally grown one. Dried Undaria pinnatifida contained a considerable amount of amino-N, mannitol, and soluble minerals and it is considered that these components play a great role in the relish effects. It could also be evaluated as a good albuminous source for food science the dried pinnatifida contains about $18\%$ of crude protein. In the analysis of free amino acid composition of dried Undaria pinnatifida, the naturally growm samples showed so what higher levels in all amino acid content than the cultured samples. The contents of theronine, alanine, and glutamic acid were major in quantity wherease histidine cysteine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine were minor. The contents of such amino acids like serine and proline were particularly low or undetectable. The results of amino acid analysis of the acid hydrolysates of dried Undaria pinnatifida in quantity of individual amino acid showed te same pattern as that of free amino acid. It is noticed that Undaria pinnatifida seemed to contain good quality protein since the contents of essential amino acids were considerably higher and uniform. By blanching the fresh sample, the water soluble components brought about cousiderable loss, and, particularly, it was noteworthy that both mannitol and soluble minerals apparently decreased. In the pigment analysis of the dried sample, blanching was effective to retain chlorophyll and carotenoid. The addition of pigment fixatives in blanching solution such as Ca-gluconate, Ca-carbonate, and Ca-hydroxide did not exhibit much effect on the pigment retention except that Ca-carbonate shelved some effect only in the early stage of storage.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2002

야콘(Polynmia sonchilolia)의 식품가공에의 적용 확대를 위해 그것들의 신선한 잎, 줄기, 괴근과 건조 잎과 줄기 및 후숙 후의 괴근의 화학적 성분들을 조사하였다. 수분함량은 신선한 잎의 경우 83.38%에서 건조 후 18.08%이었고, 줄기의 경우 92.30%에서 건조 후 27.97%로 크게 감소하였으며, 괴근의 경우 신선한 것은 89.52%이었으나 후숙 후 86.99%로 수분감소가 적게 나타났다. 잎의 지방, 단백질, 가용분, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll과 tannin의 함량은 줄기보다 더 많았다. 생괴근과 후숙괴근에서 단백질은 모두 0.04%, 지방은 각각 0.31%, 0.43%, 회분은 각각 0.40%, 0.42%, ascorbic acid는 각각 2.77 mg/100 g와 2.87 mg/100 9로서 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 주요한 무기성분은 잎, 줄기, 괴근에서 모두 P, K, Mg이었다. 유리당은 잎, 줄기, 괴근 모두 glucose와 fructose가 주요한 성분을 이루고 있었으며, 괴근에서는 모든 당이 후숙 후 크게 증가하였다. 유리아미노산은 모든 시료에서 isoleucine의 함량이 가장 많았다. $\beta$-carotene의 함량은 신선한 잎에서 9.01 $\mu\textrm{g}$/100 g, 건조잎에서 107.87 $\mu\textrm{g}$/100 g이었고, 생괴근에서 0.40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/100 g와 후숙괴근에서 0.55 $\mu\textrm{g}$/100 g로 나타났다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.471-474
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• 1994

보리잎을 식품소재로써 이용방안을 모색하기 위하여 일차적으로 보리잎의 성숙시기별에 따른 이화학적 특성을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 수분함량은 보리잎의 크기가 10cm 정도일 때 85.9%, 50cm 정도일 때 78.4%이었고 조섬유질은 각각 5.0% 및 10.8% 정도로 성숙에 따라 증가하였다. 단백질은 20 cm 크기에서 4.3%로 가장 높았고 회분과 조지방은 성속시기에 띠라 큰 변화가 없었다. 총chlorophyll 함량은 보리잎의 크기가 10cm 및 20cm 정도일 때 각각 1096.3mg%, 1138.7mg%를 나타낸 뒤 점차 감소하였다. 무기질함량은 K>Ca>P>Na>Mg의 순으로 그 함량이 높았고 보리잎의 크기가 10cm 정도일 때 K 2354mg%, Ca 402.9mg%, P 394.6mg%, Na 367.3mg%, Mg 158.9mg%로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. Vitamin C의 함량은 보리잎의 성숙이 진행되면서 증가하다가 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고 10cm, 20cm, 35cm, 50cm일 때 각각 245mg%, 564mg%, 406mg%, 369mg%이었다. 보리잎의 유리당은 arabinose, glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose 및 kestose 등의 당이 검출되었고 이 중 glucose. frutose 및 sucrose가 주종을 이루고 있으며 유리당 함량은 성숙중 증가하다가 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 성숙시기에 따른 유리아미노산 함량의 변화는 각 아미노산마다 일정치 않았으며 유리아미노산의 총량은 1068.5mg%, 969.2mg%, 657.4mg%로 감소하였다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.148-153
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• 1995

Glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl]glycine)를 토마토(Lycopersicon esculentum Mil)의 동화부위(同化部位)에 부분처리(部分處理)하거나 전(全) 식물체(植物體)에 분무처리(噴霧處理)하였을 때 EPSP-synthase의 활성(活性) 감소(減少)가 나타났다. EPSP-synthase의 활성(活性)은 처리된 식물체(植物體)의 엽록소(葉綠素)의 감소보다 시기적으로 먼저 나타나는 현상이었다. EPSP-synthase의 활성(活性)은 glyphosate처리(處理)에 민감한 효소(酵素)로서 토마토의 세포현탁배양조직(細胞顯濁培養組織)과 분열조직(分裂組織)간에는 활성(活性)의 차이가 없없다. EPSP-synthase의 활성은 4-6 nkat/mg protein 정도이었다. EPSP-synthase의 활성(活性)억제는 glyphosate 처리(處理) 36시간 후 부터 나타나기 시작하였고, 엽록소(葉綠素)의 감소는 처리 48 시간 후 부터 나타나기 시작하였다. 세포현탁배양(細胞顯濁培養)에서 치사농도(致死濃度) 이하(以下)에서 glyphosate는 생체중(生體重)을 저하(低下)시켰으며 생육단계(生育段階) 중 lag-phase를 연장(延長)시켜 생육(生育)이 더디도록 하였다. Glyphosate 존재(存在)하에서 생체중(生體重)은 계대(繼代)배양 후 14일이 지난 뒤에 생체중(生體重)이 최고(最高)에 달하였다. EPSP-synthase에 대한 gly-phosate의 억제(抑制)효과는 lag-phase에서 심하게 나타났다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.63-74
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• 1993

Changes in the amount of ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oygenase(=RuBisCO) protein, namely fraction I protein, and the protease activity were determined in the 10th leaf of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum, var. Ky-57) from 10 days after emergence through senescence at 5 days interval. The amount of RuBisCO per deveined leaf rapidly increased during the early growing season, reached a maximal quantity at the around 20 days after leaf emergence, when the leaf has gone through its most rapid expansion, and began gradually to decrease till 30 days after leaf emergence, thereafter significantly declined to 45 days that the leaf has been dried up partly. The pattern of the ratio of RuBisCO protein to soluble protein in quantity changed similar to that of RuBisCO contents in a leaf, that was 43%, 60%, and 21% at the around 10 days, 20 days, and 45 days, respectively. And RuBisCO contents was linearly correlated with the concentration of chlorophyll(r=0.98) throughout the life span of the leaf. So, it was assumed that the leaf color can be a useful indicator for judging whether RuBisCO contents higher or not in tobacco leaves without homogenization. On the other hand, the protease activities for degradation of casein were assayed at pH 5.5. 7.0. and 8.5 with crude extracts desalted on Sephadex G-25. The highest caseolytic activity was found at pH 5.5 throughout the life sawn of the leaf. Also, the activity at 5.5 became gradually to increase from 30 days after leaf emergence, when RuBisCO protein had became to disappear and remarkably increased in the last stage of senescence, although nitrogen contents of the leaf had reached low levels. The caseolytic activity at pH 5.5 was in negative correlation with RuBisCO contents throughout the life span of the leaf, but not in lineality between them. In other words, the caseolytic activity increased in a rapid exponential manner when RuBisCO contents had reached some low levels. These results showed that the leaf age, namely harvesting time, is a very important factor for the production of the tobacco leaf containing higher RuBisCO protein. It was concluded that the practical harvesting time is between 20 days and 30 days after the leaf emergence from the present results.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1330-1337
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• 2007

To better understand the gene expression of the cold-adapted polar diatom, we conducted a survey of the Chaetoceros neogracile transcriptome by cDNA sequencing and expression of interested cDNAs from the Antarctic diatom. A non-normalized cDNA library was constructed from the C. neogracile, and a total of 2,500 cDNAs were sequenced to generate 1,881 high-quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) (accession numbers EL620615-EL622495). Based on their clustering, we identified 154 unique clusters comprising 342 ESTs. The remaining 1,540 ESTs did not cluster. The number of unique genes identified in the data set is thus estimated to be 1,694. Taking advantage of various tools and databases, putative functions were assigned to 939 (55.4%) of these genes. Of the remaining 540 (31.9%) unknown sequences, 215 (12.7%) appeared to be C. neogracile-specific since they lacked any significant sequence similarity to any sequence available in the public databases. C. neogracile consisted of a relatively high percentage of genes involved in metabolism, genetic information processing, cellular processes, defense or stress resistance, photosynthesis, structure, and signal transduction. From the ESTs, the expression of these putative C. neogracile genes was investigated: fucoxanthin chlorophyll (chl) a,c-binding protein (FCP), ascorbate peroxidase (ASP), and heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90). The abundance of ASP and HSP90 changed substantially in response to different culture conditions, indicating the possible regulation of these genes in C. neogracile.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.190-195
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• 2018

Cold, salt and heat are the most critical factors that restrict full genetic potential, growth and development of crops globally. However, clarification of genes expression and regulation is a fundamental approach to understanding the adaptive response of plants under unfavorable environments. In this study, we applied an annealing control primer (ACP) based on the GeneFishing approach to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Italian ryegrass (cv. Kowinearly) leaves under cold, salt and heat stresses. Two-week-old seedlings were exposed to cold ($4^{\circ}C$), salt (NaCl 200 mM) and heat ($42^{\circ}C$) treatments for six hours. A total 8 differentially expressed genes were isolated from ryegrass leaves. These genes were sequenced then identified and validated using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. We identified several promising genes encoding light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein, alpha-glactosidase b, chromosome 3B, elongation factor 1-alpha, FLbaf106f03, Lolium multiflorum plastid, complete genome, translation initiation factor SUI1, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. These genes were potentially involved in photosynthesis, plant development, protein synthesis and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. However, this study provides new insight regarding molecular information about several genes in response to multiple abiotic stresses. Additionally, these genes may be useful for enhancement of abiotic stress tolerance in fodder crops as well a crop improvement under unfavorable environmental conditions.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

The green microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtti is well-known specie in the terms of $H_2$ production by photo fermentation and has been studying for a long time. Although the $H_2$ production yield is promising; there are some bottlenecks to enhance the yield and efficiency to focus on a well-designed, sustainable production and also scaling up for further studies. D1 protein of photosystem II (PSII) plays an important role in photosystem damage repair and related to $H_2$ production. Because Chlamydomonas is the model algae and the genetic basis is well-studied; metabolic engineering tools are intended to use for enhanced production. Mutations are focused on D1 protein which aims long-lasting hydrogen production by blocking the PSII repair system thus $O_2$ sensitive hydrogenases catalysis hydrogen production for a longer period of time under anaerobic and sulfur deprived conditions. Chlamydomonas CC124 as control strain and D1 mutant strains(D240, D239-40 and D240-41)are cultured photomixotrophically at $80{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, by two sides. Cells are grown in TAP medium as aerobic stage for culture growth; in logarithmic phase cells are transferred from aerobic to an anaerobic and sulfur deprived TAP- S medium and 12 mg/L initial chlorophyll content for $H_2$ production which is monitored by the water columns and later detected by Gas Chromatography. Total produced hydrogen was $82{\pm}10$, $180{\pm}20$, $196{\pm}20$, $290{\pm}30mL$ for CC124, D240, D239-40, D240-41, respectively. $H_2$ production rates for mutant strains was $1.3{\pm}0.5mL/L.h$ meanwhile CC124 showed 2-3 fold lower rate as $0.57{\pm}0.2mL/L.h$. Hydrogen production period was $5{\pm}2days$ for CC124 and mutants showed a longer production time for $9{\pm}2days$. It is seen from the results that $H_2$ productions for mutant strains have a significant effect in terms of productivity, yield and production time.

• 환경생물
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.424-432
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• 2020

The present study aimed to analyze the metaproteome of the microbial community comprising harmful algal bloom (HAB) in the Daechung reservoir, Korea. HAB samples located at GPS coordinates of 36°29'N latitude and 127°28'E longitude were harvested in October 2013. Microscopic observation of the HAB samples revealed red signals that were presumably caused by the autofluorescence of chlorophyll and phycocyanin in viable cyanobacteria. Metaproteomic analysis was performed by a gelbased shotgun proteomic method. Protein identification was conducted through a two-step analysis including a forward search strategy (FSS) (random search with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Cyanobase, and Phytozome), and a subsequent reverse search strategy (RSS) (additional Cyanobase search with a decoy database). The total number of proteins identified by the two-step analysis (FSS and RSS) was 1.8-fold higher than that by one-step analysis (FSS only). A total of 194 proteins were assigned to 12 cyanobacterial species (99 mol%) and one green algae species (1 mol%). Among the species identified, the toxic microcystin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843 (62.3%) species was the most dominant. The largest functional category was proteins belonging to the energy category (39%), followed by metabolism (15%), and translation (12%). This study will be a good reference for monitoring ecological variations at the meta-protein level of aquatic microalgae for understanding HAB.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.329-333
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• 2006

Soybean quality is determined based on protein content, lipid content and fatty acid composition, and several functional components including isoflavones, anthocyanins and functional activity. Because the level of each component changes during seed development, it is necessary to know the concentration of quality-related components in developing seeds. Little is known of the pattern of changes in quality-related components. Seeds from field-grown soybean was harvest from the $R_6$ stage to the $R_8$ stage in 2004. Seed characteristics and the level of nutritional components were examined. Seed moisture content was dropped rapidly after the $R_7$ stage in the tested varieties. Seed growth rate was the highest from the beginning of the $R_6$ stage to the mid-$R_6$ stage. Chlorophyll content was decreased rapidly in pods and seeds. However, seed growth period from the $R_6\;to\;R_8$ was 35 days. The crude protein content was. increased dramatically between 63 DAF and 70 DAF and then increased slightly. The pattern of isoflavone accumulation was nearly similar to that of seed weight increase. From the late $R_6$ stage to the $R_7$, the accumulation rate was higher as compared to other stages. The angiotensin inhibitory activity was increased according to seed development from 63 ($R_6$) to 84 DAF ($R_8$). The difference of inhibitory activity in heated soybean powder, however, was not great among stages. The inhibitory activity was affected by heating treatment. The most effective heating time was 10 min. Excessive heating longer than 30 min resulted in a lowered inhibitory activity of soybean on ACE.