• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.75-83
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 다양한 천연물계 항균물질로부터 추출된 추출액(extract)들의 자체 항곰팡이 성능을 평가하고, 이를 적용한 항균모르타르의 항곰팡이 성능과 그 지속성능, 그리고 항균성능 등에 대해 종합적으로 고찰함으로써 효율적인 건축물 내 항균대책 및 친환경 항균 건자재(모르타르 포함) 개발을 위한 기초적 자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 시험결과, 마조람 추출액 및 이를 적용한 항균모르타르의 항곰팡이 성능은 현재 널리 사용되고 있는 유기계 화학 항곰팡이제 및 이를 적용한 모르타르와 동등수준의 높은 항곰팡이 성능을 나타내었다. 특히 마조람 추출액 5% 혼입 모르타르는 장기 항곰팡이 성능뿐 아니라 대장균, 녹농균 및 황색포도상구균에 대한 항균성능에서도 뛰어나 그 활용가능성이 크게 기대되었으며, 향후 이에 대한 보다 상세한 검토가 요구된다.

• 식물병연구
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.129-135
• /
• 2011

키토산은 D-glucosamine과 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine이 ${\beta}$-(1-4)로 연결된 직선상의 다당류이다. 분자량이 3,000 amu 이상인 키토산에 대한 in vivo 항균활성 및 저항성 유도 활성에 대한 보고는 많지만, 분자량이 3,000 이하인 올리고키토산에 대한 in vivo 항균활성에 대한 논문은 거의 전무한 상태이다. 본 연구에서 올리고키토산은 P. infestans에 의해 발생하는 토마토 역병에 대하여 500 ${\mu}g$/ml과 1,000 ${\mu}g$/ml 수준에서 94% 이상의 매우 높은 접종 1일전 예방효과를 보였으며, 고추 탄저병과 밀 붉은녹병에 대해서는 500 ${\mu}g$/ml과 1,000 ${\mu}g$/ml 수준에서 67% 내지 89%의 중간 정도의 에방효과를 항온항습실 조건에서 보였다. 다른 한편으로 올리고키토산은 고추 탄저병에 대하여 접종 16시간 후 치료효과를 보였지만, 토마토 역병에 대해서는 치료효과를 전혀 보이지 않았다. 포장에서 올리고키토산 액제는 감자 역병과 토마토 역병에 대하여 각각 72%와 48%의 방제효과를 보였다. 이상의 결과는 올리고키토산이 감자 및 토마토 역병 방제를 위한 친환경 유기농자재로서 사용이 가능하다는 것을 강력하게 나타낸다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.61-76
• /
• 2009

본 연구는 골프장의 적정 코스관리 비용을 구명하고 국내 골프장 29개의 홀당 내장객당 비용과 골프장 8개의 항목별 및 장소별 비용을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 홀 당 내장객이 증가할수록 홀 내장객당 비용이 감소하는 경향을 보여 주었다. 2. 골프장 코스관리 비용을 결정하는 인자는 연 내장객, 코스면적, 운영형태, 코스자동화 시설 등이다. 3. 골프장의 단위면적당 코스관리 비용은 869원이었다. 4. 8개 골프장의 홀 당 평균 코스관리 비용은 44,325,000원이었다. 5. 골프장 코스관리 비용 중 인건비 비중이 가장 높았으며 인건비중 그린의 볼마크 보수 인건비가 홀 당 평균 4,163,000원 (26%)으로 가장 높았다. 6. 골프장 총 코스면적의 평균 30% 정도를 차지하는 페어웨이에 사용되는 재료비가 총 재료비용의 $22%{\sim}44%$이며 그중 수입비료, 병충해 방제농약, 배토용 모래등의 구입비가 가장 많았다. 7. 총 코스면적의 평균 2% 정도를 차지하는 그린에 사용되는 재료비가 총 재료비용의 $28%{\sim}36%$이며, 입자형 비료, 미량원소비료, 토양개량제 등의 수입 제품으로 인해 그 구입비가 가장 많았다. 8. 농약 대용으로 미생물, 키토산 등의 친환경제제가 대신 사용된 경우 비용에서는 큰 차이가 없었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.556-562
• /
• 2007

A total of 126 crossbred weanling pigs (average body weight of $6.3{\pm}0.3$ kg) were used to investigate the effect of chito-oligosaccharide (COS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, pH of gastro-intestinal tract (GI), intestinal and fecal microflora of young piglets. Pigs were allocated to three dietary treatments based on body weight and gender in a single factorial arrangement. Treatments were control (No COS), T1 (0.2% COS during starter (6-13 kg) and 0.1% COS during grower (13-30 kg) phases, and T2 (0.4% COS during starter (6-13 kg) and 0.3% COS during grower (13-30 kg) phases, respectively. Each treatment had 3 replicates and 14 pigs were raised in each pen. COS is a low molecular weight water-soluble chitosan that can be obtained from chitin of the crab shell after deacetylation with concentrated sodium hydroxide at high temperature and then further decomposition by chitosanase enzyme in the presence of ascorbic acid. For the starter and grower periods, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and feed to gain ratio among treatments. However, during the overall period (6-30 kg), T2 showed better (p<0.05) feed to gain ratio than other treatments. A digestibility study was conducted at the end of grower phase which showed improvement (p<0.05) in DM and crude fat digestibility in T2 over the control. At 25 kg body weight, 6 pigs per treatment (2 per replicate) were sacrificed to determine the effect of diets on pH and microbial count at different sections of the GI tract. The pH of the cecal contents in pigs fed 0.1% COS was higher (p<0.05) than in the other treatments. Total anaerobic bacterial number increased from cecum to rectum in all treatments. The weekly total bacterial counts showed higher (p<0.05) in feces of pigs fed COS than that of untreated pigs at the $8^{th}$ week. The number of fecal E. coli in untreated pigs at $4^{th}$ wk was 7.35 log CFU/g compared to 6.71 and 6.54 log CFU/g in 0.1 and 0.3% COS-treated pigs, respectively. Similarly, at $8^{th}$ wk, fecal clostridium spp. were lower in pigs fed 0.3% COS (5.43 log CFU/g) than in untreated pigs (6.26 log CFU/g). In conclusion, these results indicated that chito-oligosaccharide could improve feed efficiency in young pigs and inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.313-319
• /
• 2002

N-Acetyl-$\beta$-D-hexosaminidase ($\beta$-HexNAc'ase) (EC 3.2.1.52) was purified from rice seeds (Oryza sative L. var. Dongjin) using ammonium sulfate (80%) precipitation, Sephadex G-150, CM-Sephadex, and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, sequentially. The activities were separated into 7 fractions($F_1-F_7$) by CM-Sephadex chromatography. Among them, F6 was further purified to homogeneity with a 13.0% yield and 123.3 purification-fold. The molecular mass was estimated to be about 52 kDa on SDS-PAGE and 37.4 kDa on Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. The enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of both p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-hexosaminide (pNP-GlcNAc) and p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-hexosaminide (pNP-GalNAc) as substrates, which are typical properties of $\beta$-HexNAc'ase. The ratio of the pNP-GlcNAc'ase activity to the pNP-GalNAc'ase activity was 4.0. However, it could not hydrolyze chitin, chitosan, pNP-$\beta$-glucopyranoside, or pNP-$\beta$-glucopyranoside. The enzyme showed $K_m$, $V_{max}$ and $K_{cat}$ for pNP-GlcNAc of 1.65 mM, $79.49\;mM\;min^{-1}$, and $4.79{\times}10^6\;min^{-1}$, respectively. The comparison of kinetic values for pNP-GlcNAc and pNP-GalNAc revealed that the two enzyme activities are associated with a single binding site. The purified enzyme exhibited optimum pH and temperature for pNP-GlcNAc of 5.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme activity for pNP-GlcNAc was stable at pH 5.0-5.5 and $20-40^{\circ}C$. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited at a concentration of 0.1 mM $HgCl_$ and $AgNO_3$, suggesting that the intact thiol group is essential for activity. Chloramine T completely inhibited the activity, indicating the possible involvement of methionines in the mechanism of the enzyme.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제35권6호
• /
• pp.671-675
• /
• 2002

우렁쉥이 껍질에서 추출한 autoclave 추출구와 neutrase 추출구는 지방흡수력의 경우 대조시료인 chitin과 chitsan에 비해 떨어지는 대략 250$\~$$300\%$ 정도이었으나, 포말성은 각각 0.70과 0.67로, 포말안정성은 0.50과 0.38로 우수하였다 Autoclave 추출구 및 neutrase 추출구의 유화능은 각각 $49.2\%$와 $47.1\%$, 유화안정성의 경우 각각 $48.3\%$와 $44.8\%$ 정도였으며 특히, 색소흡착능은 각각 $85.2\%$와 $85.6\%$로 대조시료에 비해 다소 우수하였다 항혈액응고능은 모든 시료에서 hPn 저 지효과는 나타났으나 PT값은 약 14.5초로 일정하여 혈액응고저지 효과가 거의 없었다. 특히 autoclave 처리구를 DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography하여 얻은 F4 (획분4)는 APTT가 75초로 가장 효과적 이 었으며, Sephadex G-100의 $F_2$가 70초 정도였다. ACE저해능은 모든 시료에서 ACE 저해효과가 있었으며, 채택된 실험방법에 따라 동일시료 경우에 있어서도 저해효과 값이 차이가 났으며, 특히 DEAE-cellulose 이온교환 처리한 $ F_4$ (획분4)가 $35.7\%$로 가장 효과적이었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제33권6호
• /
• pp.524-528
• /
• 2000

식품중에 오염된 Listeria monocytogenes의 열감수성에 미치는 각종 첨가물의 영향과 식품의 처리 가공시에 수반되는 조리기구 수세나 염소, 자외선, 열탕 등 각종 소독처리의 효율성을 확인하였다. 키토산, 솔빈산칼륨 둥은 시험균주 L. monocytogenes H-12의 열 감수성 증대에 유의할 만한 영향을 미치지 못하였으나, 명태 연육에 중합인산염을 $1{\%}$ 첨가할 경우 시험균주의 열감수성은 뚜렷히 증가되었다. 시험균주 L. monocytogenes H-12가 $약 10^4{\~}10^5/cm^2$ 되도록 오염시킨 나무, 플라스틱, 스테인레스 재질의 도마를 흐르는 수도수로 세척하였을 때 스테인레스 도마나 플라스틱 도마의 경우 각각 10초 및 1분 후에는 균이 검출되지 않았으나, 나무 도마에서는 거의 제균효과가 없었다. 스테인레스 및 플라스틱 재질의 도마를 $5{\~}50 ppm$의 염소용액에 10초간 침지하고 수세할 경우 오염균의 제거가 가능하였으나, 나무 도마의 경우 100ppm 염소용액으로 처리하여도 균 수의 감소는 거의 없었다. 15W의 자외선을 30cm 거리에서 시험균주로 오염된 각 재질의 도마에 조사할 경우 스테인레스 및 플라스틱 도마의 경우 5분간 조사 후에는 균이 검출되지 않았으나, 나무 도마에서는 60분 처리 후에도 균이 검출되었다. 각종재질의 조리용 도마에 오염된 시험균주 L. monocytogenes H-12의 열탕처리에 의한 제균조건은 $70^{\circ}C$, 10초 이상으로 확인되었다.

• Nutritional Sciences
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.223-234
• /
• 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate intake of health foods and supplements and its associated factors in middle and old-aged adults in order to contribute to health promotion of Korean population by providing a guide for proper use of health foods and supplements. About 69% of the subjects reported that they were currently taking health foods and supplements or had experiences of having them in the past, whereas 31.2 % reported they had never taken them. The most commonly used type of health foods and supplements was vitamin C as reported by 41.8% followed by others such as lactobacillus products, multi-vitamins, tonic medicine and cardiotonic drug, artificially processed Ginseng foods, vitamin B complex, enzyme supplement, calcium, aloe, apricot extract products, chitosan products, loyal honey, squalene, refined fish oil and iron products. The major reason for taking health foods and supplements was 'to protect the weak constitution' with 155 (42.1%) responses, and the motive for the intake was the suggestion from family-relatives with 235 (63.9%) responses, and the place of purchase was pharmacy with 140 (38.0%) responses, the average monthly expense was 20,000-40,000 won with 140 (26.2%) responses, and effects after the intake was 'so and so' with 180 (33.6%) responses as the highest. More health foods and supplements were consumed as age and education were statistically significantly increased (p<0.05). For health and lifestyle and the intake of health foods and supplements, perceived health status, the presence of illness, and the presence of health management were statistically significant (p<0.05). Male subjects than female subjects and the 30s than the 405 and 50s were appeared to have poorer dietary behaviors (p<0.05). For the health locus of control and the intake of health foods and supplements, the health locus of control score was 22.82 for consumers and 22.79 for non-consumers, showing no significant difference. Logistic regression analysis was performed to find out major factors that affect the intake of health foods and supplements, in which gender, education, smoking, perceived health status, the presence of illness, and health management were significant to the intake of health foods and supplements. It is shown that subjects with perception and attitude of 'health foods and supplements are useful in health maintenance and disease prevention' and 'the information and variety for health foods and supplements are great' have higher probability of taking health foods and supplements.

• Macromolecular Research
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.167-175
• /
• 2005

This review explores recent works involving the use of the self-assembled nanoparticles of bile acid-modified glycol chitosans (BGCs) as a new drug carrier for cancer therapy. BGC nanoparticles were produced by chemically grafting different bile acids through the use of l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC). The precise control of the size, structure, and hydrophobicity of the various BGC nanoparticles could be achieved by grafting different amounts of bile acids. The BGC nanoparticles so produced formed nanoparticles ranging in size from 210 to 850 nm in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH=7.4), which exhibited substantially lower critical aggregation concentrations (0.038-0.260 mg/mL) than those of other low-molecular-weight surfactants, indicating that they possess high thermodynamic stability. The SOC nanoparticles could encapsulate small molecular peptides and hydrophobic anticancer drugs with a high loading efficiency and release them in a sustained manner. This review also highlights the biodistribution of the BGC nanoparticles, in order to demonstrate their accumulation in the tumor tissue, by utilizing the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The different approaches used to optimize the delivery of drugs to treat cancer are also described in the last section.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.316-325
• /
• 2003

In this paper, the effect of Ganopoly(extracts of Ganoderma lucidum) and Ganopoly/C+(70% Ganopoly + 30% chitosan) on cisplastin-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. A single dose of cisplastin(5 ㎎/㎏) kg) was administered intraperitoneally after pretreatment of saline, Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+ for 7 days. The nephrotoxicity and renal function were manifestated by the changes of body weight, blood pressure, biochemical changes and solute in urine and plasma. After the treatment of CDDP(cis-dichlorodiamineplatinum), a significant elevation of kidney weight, serum urea, cretinine, urine volume for 24 hours, urine magnesium, and a severe or significant decrease in body weight, blood pressure, creatinine clearance, urine osmolarity, serum albumin, etc. The nephrotoxicity was further confirmed by a significant decrease in glutathione S-transferase(GSH) in urine and kidney homogenate, GSH, glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and catalase in kidney tissue. And also the lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in kidney homogenate. These signs of nephrotoxicity was ameliorated by the pretreatment and consecutive administration of Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+ for 14 days after the Lp. injection of CDDP on 7th day after pretreatment of Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+. The amelioration of nephrotoxicity was evidenced by significant reduction in serum urea and creatinine concentration, and improvement of other index of renal function. And The activity of antioxidant enzymes were partially recovered in kidney tissue of rats treated by CDDP and the administration of Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+. These results indicate the cispastin induced nephrotoxicity is due to an impairment of tubular reabsorption systems enhanced by necrosis of proximal tubule, and the Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+ has a partial protective effect on nephrotoxicity induced by CDDP. The polysacchride of Ganoderma lucidum may improve the therapeutic index of nephrotoxicity induced by CDDP. However, it is needed to elucidate the mechanism for confirming the therapeutic effect.