• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2010

We investigated the effects of maternal parenting behaviors, children's emotional regulation, and stress coping strategies on gender-specific children's behavioral problems. The participants were 191, $4^{th}$ and $5^{th}$ graders and their mothers from four elementary schools in Seoul and Kyung-gi province. Collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and hierarchical regressions. The major findings were summarized as follows: (1) Active coping strategies explained boys' aggressive behaviors, (2) mother's warm-encouragement parenting behaviors and active coping strategies explained boys' delinquent behaviors, (3) mother's warm-encouragement parenting behaviors explained boys' withdrawn behaviors, and (4) mother's mediation-supervision parenting behaviors and negative emotionality explained girls' aggressive behaviors. In conclusion, maternal parenting behaviors, children's emotional regulation and stress coping strategies have gender-specific influence on children's behavioral problems.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.163-175
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of mother and father's parenting efficacy, parenting stress on children's daily stress. The subjects were 292 children selected from 4 elementary schools and their mothers and fathers. Data was collected using the parenting efficacy index, parenting stress index, and children's daily stress inventory, and was statistically analyzed using t-test, one way ANOVA(Scheffe test), correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study showed that there were some significant differences in children's daily stress according to the children's grade and gender. Correlation analysis indicated that the mother's parenting efficacy and children's daily stress had negative correlation, and also father's parenting efficacy and children's daily stress had negative correlation. Further, mother's parenting stress had positive correlation with children's daily stress, and father's parenting stress as well. It was also found that parenting efficacy of mother's general parenting ability, parenting efficacy of father's discipline ability, father's stress of difficult child, mother's educational distress, and children's gender were all significant predictors of the children's daily stress.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.55-74
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• 2005

This study investigated the effects of children's temperament and environmental factors on boys' and girls' noncompliance in ecological context. Observations were made of 62 children(34 boys and 28 girls, $\bar{x}$= 44 months) enrolled in child-care centers. Mothers and caregivers completed questionnaires. Data were analyzed by t-test, Pearson's Correlation, and three way ANOVA. Results showed no significant gender difference in noncompliance. There were correlations between children's activity level, maternal rejection and responsiveness, quantity of child-care and boys' noncompliance. For girls, only activity level and quantity of child-care were related to noncompliance. The effects of maternal child-rearing behavior and child-care variables on noncompliance varied by children's gender and temperament.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.157-168
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• 2016

Objective: This study examined the intellectual characteristics of 1,700 Korean children aged 2 years, 6 months to 7 years, 7 months across two age ranges (2 years, 6 months to 3 years, 11 months; 4 years to 7 years, 7 months). Methods: Data from the standardization study of the K-WPPSI-IV were analyzed using Korean and American norms and in terms of socioeconomic variables such as region, maternal education level, and child gender. Results: Korean children performed differently from their American counterparts in most subtests and indexes. Verbal subtest performances for Korean children were significantly lower and performance subtest performances for Korean children were significantly higher. There were significant regional differences, with higher performances among children from Seoul than from other areas. Children whose mothers had higher education levels showed higher performances than their counterparts. This trend was more apparent in the older age range. Gender differences were found in most subtests, with girls showing higher scores than boys. Conclusion: This study revealed cross-cultural differences in intellectual characteristics measured with the newly standardized K-WPPSI-IV. In addition, significant effects of socioeconomic variables such as region, maternal education level, and gender were found.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.609-618
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to explore gender differences in elderly's dating experience and related variables. 427 elderly of age 65 or older participated. The results are as follows. 1. 80% of widowed elderly had no dating experience, and far more elderly men than women had dating experience. 2. Attitudes towards dating, of both elderly themselves and their children, had influence on the elderly's dating experience, regardless of gender. This indicates that the elderly's own acceptance and their children's positive attitude are important to the elderly's dating experience. 3. Gender differences were found in influences of living arrangement (whether they lived with their children or not), economical reasons, and personality factors. These variables proved significant only for the elderly men. More elderly men who did not live with their children than the elderly men who did had experienced dating, and economical reasons along with personality factors proved to be obstructive for elderly men's dating life.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.551-561
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• 2006

The purpose of the study is to examine the influence of children's familiarity with a task and teachers' feedback on their problem solving performances. It was assumed that children's' problem solving performance would be different depending on the children's familiarity with a task and the feedback from teachers. The study also examined whether children's' problem solving competence would be different depending on their gender and age. The experiment was conducted with two experimental tools. The subjects were 58 children who were 5 to 6-year-old, enrolled in kindergartens in Koyang city in Kyunggi province. The collected data were processed with SPSS 11.0 program to get the average and the standard deviations, and with one-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. The results of the experiment are as follows; First, children's' problem solving competence was different depending on their age. Older children showed higher performance than younger children, while there's no difference in children's performance depending on their gender. Second, the teachers' feedback didn't influence children's problem solving performance. Third, children showed higher performance when familiar tasks were provided, compared to when typical tasks were provided. Finally, this study found that children's task familiarity has an influence on their problem solving performance.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.22 no.6 s.72
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• pp.63-73
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• 2004

The Purpose of this study, was to examine the effects of mothers' parental efficacy and parental practices on children's social ability. The participants included 218 five year old children (116 boys, 102 girls). This study employed the 'Parent self-agent scale (Dumka, Stoerzinger, Jackson, & Roosa, 1996), a modified version of 'child rearing practices report'(Block, 1981), and 'Preschool Sociaffective Profile' (LaFreniere, Dumas, Capuano & Dubeau, 1992). Parental efficacy and parental practices were evaluated by the mothers. The children's social ability was evaluated by both mothers and teachers.'rho main results were as follows: (1) The children's social ability was affected significantly by their gender. (2) The parental efficacy was positively correlated with authoritative parental practices. (3) Children's gender, mothers' parental efficacy, and authoritative parental practices affected children's social ability.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.230-238
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in self-competence, social anxiety and depression in upper level primary school children. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 180 students in grades 5 or 6 (83 boys and 97 girls). The instruments used for this study were a self-report questionnaire, the Self-Perception Profile for Children, the Revised Social Anxiety Scales for Children (SASC-R) and a Depression Instrument. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression were used with the SPSS/PC ver 12.0 program. Results: The only gender difference was in depression and girls reported more depression than boys. Social competence showed significantly negative correlations with depression and social anxiety. Gender differences were found in self competence in the prediction of depression and social anxiety. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there are gender differences in self competence which influence depression and social anxiety. Thus, enhancing self-competence could prevent social anxiety and depression in children but, differences in gender should be considered when developing programs to enhance self-competence.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.45-57
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• 2000

This study investigated the effects of personal (gender, school grade and causal attribution for success and failure) and environmental (mother's evaluation of their children and mother's efficacy) variables on children's perceived competence. The subjects were 595 fourth and sixth graders and their mothers selected from 3 elementary schools in Pusan. Children's perceived competence was studied under 3 categories : scholastic, social, and athletic competence. Data were analyzed by SAS/PC+ program. Internal attribution for the success had a positive influence on perceived competence while internal attribution for failure had a negative influence on perceived competence. Mother's evaluation of their children had a stronger influence on perceived competence than mother's efficacy. Mother's evaluation of their children was the most influential variable in all 3 categories of competence while secondary and tertiary variables varied by internal attribution for success or failure and by gender.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.197-208
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• 2012

There's an opinion that it may be a combination of change of values and social economic factors that caused low fertility of Korean society. This study intends to analyze actual conditions of family children values and gender role centered on university students in a marriageable age so draw a policy implication for overcoming low fertility. Main findings of this study are like following. First, as for analysis of childbirth intention shows average score of $3.35{\pm}1.142$ presented sex distinction that men have a higher tendency to women. Second, in gender role attitudes, it shows that gender role related on women's social activities($2.06{\pm}0.739$), traditional gender role in family($2.41{\pm}0.789$) influence on childbirth intention (p<0.001). Third, in family children values indicates moderate scores($2.95{\pm}0.648$) that son's position in family ($2.33{\pm}0.911$), relation between children and parents($2.80{\pm}1.050$), individual's position in family($3.56{\pm}0.671$) influence on childbirth intention(p<0.000) in the traditional values. Measures against low fertility will prove effective when family values are established favorable to marriage, childbirth, rearing, gender equality is settled in a society as a whole and related systems.