• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.489-504
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• 2009

This study explored differences in maternal parenting behaviors, children's emotional intelligence, and daily hassles by children's sex and types of aggression. Subjects were 200 children in 4th, 5th, and 6th grade and their mothers from four elementary schools. Instruments were the Maternal Parenting Behaviors Scale (Kim, 2006), the Emotional Intelligence Scale (Lee, 1997), the Daily Hassles Scale(Min & Yoo, 1998), and the Peer-nomination Measure (Crick, 1995; Crick & Grotpeter, 1995). Data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and multivariate analysis of variance. Findings revealed that the relational aggressive group had higher emotional intelligence and more daily hassles; girls had higher level of daily hassles than boys. Maternal parenting behaviors did not differ by child's sex and type of aggression.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate dual gender identity, masculine gender identity, feminine gender identity, undifferentiated gender identity with related to Sex, home environments, parental child-rearing attitude of warmth, parental child-rearing attitude of control, role division of parents and determine predictors for dual gender identity. Method : Study subjects were $6^{th}$ grade of primary students with 2,118. Data was collected from Oct to Nov 2003 by using structured questionnaire. Results : ${\cdot}$ Among the children, 345 had masculine gender identity, 529 had feminine gender identity, 526 had undifferentiated gender identity, and 718 had dual gender identity. ${\cdot}$ There were significant differences in the children's sex, mother's age, father's age, mother's educational level, father's educational level, existence of mother's job, father's job, social economic status, sex of siblings, mother's job satisfaction, family structure, family atmosphere, child-rearing attitude(warmth and control), role division of parents($p{\leq}0.001$) among 4 groups. ${\cdot}$ The significant predictors for dual gender identity were children's sex (OR = 0,196, P =0.001), father's age(OR = 31.053, p = 0.020), mother's educational level(OR = 43,980, p = 0.001), father's job(OR=27.465, p = 0.001), social economic status(OR=O.941, p=0.001), sex of siblings(OR = 0.329, p = 0.005), mother's job satisfaction(OR = 0.673, p =0.001), family structure(OR = 0.887, p = 0.001), family atmosphere(OR = 23.786, p = 0.001), parental Child-rearing attitude of warmth(OR = 8.043, p = 0.001) and child-rearing attitude of control(OR = 0.666, p = 0.005), role division of parents(OR = 3.009, p = 0.001). Conclusions : These findings suggest the necessity of broad understandings about factors which influence dual gender role, and construction of combinative model. Also they suggest parent education for establishment of children's dual gender identity.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.125-140
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions. (1) Is there any relationship between father's child-rearing behavior and children's role-taking, between father's child-rearing behaviors and children's prosocial behavior?(2) Is there any relationship between children's role-taking and children's prosocial behavior? (3) Is there any differences in father's child-rearing behaviors, children's role-taking and children's prosocial behavior in relation to children's sex, SES, and mother's job? (4) what are the most important predictor variables which influence on children's role-taking? (5) What are the most important predictor variables which influence on children's prosocial behavior? The subjects of this study were 72boys and 70girls attending the nursery schools and their mothers in Busan. For the measurement of father's child-rearing behaviors, Choi's(1991) questionnare were used and for children's role-taking, children were interviewed with the Flavell's apple-dog stories. children's prosocial behavior was measured by amount of candies to share with classmates. The results were as follows: (1) There were significant correlation between father's child-rearing behaviors and children's role-taking, between father's was positively related to children's prosocial behavior. (2) Children's role-taking was positively related to children's prosocial behavior. (3) There were significant differences in father's child-rearing behaviors, children's role-taking and children's prosocial behavior according to children's sex, SES, and mother's job. (4) Father's child-rearing behaviors and SES were the most important predictor variables influencing on children's role-taking. (5) Children's sex, children's role-taking and father's childrearing behaviors were the most important predictor variables influencing on children's prosocial behavior. The findings stated above seemed father's child-rearing behaviors and children's role-taking, influenced on children's prosocial behavior.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.82-97
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) the developmental level of children's concept of gender by age and sex. (2) children's sex-specific behaviors by age and sex, and (3) children's sex-specific behaviors by developmental level of gender constancy. The subjects were 164 children (forty 3-year-olds, forty-three 5-year-olds, forty 7-year-olds and forty-one 9-year olds) with nearly equal numbers of boys and girls. They were selected from two kindergartens and one elementary school. A quasi experiment was carried out with the procedures described by Slaby and Frey (1976) to measure children's developmental level of the concept of gender constancy. Two experiments were carried out to observe children's sex-specific behaviors: one for children's toy choice behavior and the other for children's interaction with their peers. Statistical methods adopted for data analysis were frequencies. percentiles, mean. and $X^2$. It was found that children's sex-specific behaviors were different according to their developmental level of gender constancy. Children's developmental level of gender constancy was significantly different according to their age, but there was no difference according to their sex. Children's toy-choice behavior was significantly different according to their age and sex. Children's sex-specific behaviors were significantly different according to their concept of gender constancy.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.120-128
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was conducted to describe the perception of parental sex role held by university students and to examine differences in perception of parental sex role according to student characteristics. Method: The participants were 336 university students in Gangreung city. The instrument of parental sex role was developed by the researcher and consisted of 3 subcategories; general parent role, parental sex role as a father and parental sex role as a mother. Results: The most positive item of parental sex role as a father is 'the Father's role is teaching about the value of society'. The most positive item of parental sex role as a mother is 'the Mother's role is to be a counselor or friend'. There were significant differences in perception of a father's role according to sex, type of college, fathers who lived with student during childhood, the relationship with the parent, the plan of marriage & having a child, responsibility of childrearing, and the need for education for the parental role. There were significant differences in perception of the mother's role according to sex, grade, type of college, birth order, type of family, persons who lived with student during childhood, the relationship with the parent, plan of marriage & having a child, responsibility of child-rearing, and the need for education for the parental role. Conclusion: The parental sex role changes overtime. Thus, it is important to identify university student's perception of parental sex roles as pre-parent preparation for parenting.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.32-44
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to investigate sex differences in outcome expectation for aggression, and to study the effects of sex of target child and degree of provocation on the consequences that a child anticipates for aggression. The subjects were 30 boys and 30 girls in the 6th grade of a public elementary school located in Seoul. The children were tested individually by an adult who read the items to the child. Perry, Perry, and Weiss's Outcome Expectation Questionnaire, The modified consisting of 48 items was used in this study. The data were analysed by analyses of variance with repeated measures and t-test. Boys expected less guilt and negative self-reactions for aggression than girls. When provoked, children expected more tangible reward and less parental disapproval than when not provoked. When aggressing toward boys, children expected more tangible rewards, less parental disapproval, and less peer disapproval than when aggressing toward girls.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 2015

This study aimed to identify the mediating effects of the child's career maturity on the relationship between mother's child-rearing attitudes and children's school adjustment. In order to achieve our goals, the present study 1) analysed the differences in the mother's child-rearing attitude perceived by child, child's career maturity, and school adjustment according to child's sex, and 2) examined the direct and indirect effects of mother's child-rearing attitude and child's career maturity on school adjustment. A total of 430 $6^{th}$ grade elementary school students living in Gwangju participated in this study. The summary of this study is as follows. First, there were some differences in achievement child-rearing attitude according to child's sex. Boys perceived their mother's child-rearing attitude as more achievement-oriented than girls. Second, child's career maturity mediated the relations between mother's child-rearing attitude perceived by child and their school adjustment. Specifically, the partial mediating effects of career maturity were found in all of the relations between sub-factors of child-rearing attitude(affection, autonomy, achievement, and rationality), and child's career maturity fully mediated the relation between autonomy and peer relationship. The results of this study mean that mother's child-rearing attitudes have both direct and indirect impacts on child's school adjustment and child's career maturity are all very important factors on their school adjustment. The present study suggests that it is necessary to provide diverse career programs to improve child's career maturity.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.85-96
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• 2000

this study examined behavioral inhibition in relation to their mothers' value and attitudes toward children's inhibited behavior as a function of child sex. Data were collected via questionnaires from a sample of 483 7-to 8 year-olds and their mothers. Results showed that there were no significant differences in mother's value mothers' attitudes toward child behavior and child's behavioral inhibition according to child sex. However it was found that mothers' value was associated with attitudes toward child inhibition and behavioral inhibition in 7-to 8 year-olds girls. more specifically mothers who hold high traditional values were not concerned about girls' inhibited behavior and thus in turn had more inhibited girls. But the associations were not found for boys. the results indicated cultural effects on parenting attitudes as well as child inhibition.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.3
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• pp.63-81
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• 1982

The purpose of this study is to relate social behaviors and child-rearing practices to the popularity of preschool children in Korea. Specifically, four major questions were raised and studied First, the relationship between a child's popularity and his/her social behaviors was examined. Second, this relationship was explored as a function of the child's sex. Third, the relationship between a child's popularity and maternal childrearing practices was investigated. Fourth, this relationship was explored as a function of the child's sex. The subjects of this study were 113 middle class preschool aged children and their mothers. Sociometric choices and peer-perceived social behaviors were obtained from these children using Moore's (1973) Sociometric Status Test. Mothers of these children described their childrearing practices in a Q-sort format of Child-Rearing Practices Report (CRPR) developed by Block (1965). The analyses of the data using Kendall's Tau Correlation Coefficient bore the following results: 1. Patterns of social behaviors shown by either popular or unpopular children were distinct; Popular children were friendly and conformative, while unpopular children were aggressive, non-conformative and independent. 2. Patterns of social behaviors in relation to the popularity and the unpopularity differed as a function of the child's sex; Popular boys tended to be active while popular girls were likely to be unaggressive, independent and not-teasing. Unpopular boys showed a great amount of discipline their daughters by means of non-punitive punishment and to express negative reaction to the sibling rivalry among their children. These mothers tended not to enjoy their 3. Certain patterns of maternal child-rearing practices tended to be related to the popularity status of the child; The mothers of popular children as compared to those of unpopular children enjoyed their roles as mothers and didn't use non-punitive punishment. 4. Patterns of maternal child-rearing practices in relation to the child's popularity and unpopularity differed as a function of the child's sex; The mothers of popular boys unlike those of popular girls tended to emphasize on their sons' achievement and perceived that their husbands were greatly involved with their sons. The mothers of unpopular boys appeared to show negative affection toward their sons. The mothers of unpopular girls were likely to displine their daughters by means of non-punitive punishment and to express negative reaction to the sibling rivalry among their children. These mothers tended not to enjoy their roles as mothers and did not believe that their daughters would behave as they should.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.171-179
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the actor and partner effects of the parental sex-role attitude on the parent-child relationship by using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). Specifically, this study focused on the examination of the actor and partner effects of the parental sex-role attitude in married couples with immigrant women who have children under 5 years old. For the analyses, a total of 5,531 couples who participated in the National Survey on Multi-cultural Families were included and the major findings are as follows. First, the couple's sex-role attitude had a statistically significant actor effect on the parent-child relationship. Parents who were more conscious of gender equality displayed a better parent-child relationship and this effect was greater in the case of the father's attitude than the mother's. Second, the father's sex-role attitude had a statistically significant partner effect on the mother-child relationship, whereas the mother's attitude did not. Third, the couple's actor effects were greater than their partner effects and this means that the personal sex-role attitude has a greater impact on the parent-child relationship than the partners' attitude. The implication and limitations derived from these empirical-scientific database results and related studies in educational program of gender equality attitude for multi-cultural families.