• 전기화학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2013

나트륨 유황전지(NAS)는 대용량 에너지 저장시스템(energy storage system, ESS) 중 하나로서, 최근 풍력에너지, 태양에너지, 해양에너지 등 그린재생에너지의 사용증가로 ESS에 대한 수요가 급증함에 따라 NAS 전지에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있다. NAS 전지는 에너지 밀도가 높고(납 축전지밀도의 3배), 사이클 수명이 길고, 자가방전이 없어 대용량 전력저장 시스템에 적합하다. NAS 전지는 양극으로 황(Sulfur), 음극으로 나트륨(Na), 고체전해질 및 분리막으로 ${\beta}$"-알루미나($Al_2O_3$)로 구성되어 있고, 양극 활물질인 황은 부도체이기 때문에 도전재인 탄소섬유(carbon felt)에 함침시켜 양극으로 사용해야 함으로, 양극재 구성 및 특성은 전지성능에 상당한 영향을 미치게 된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 NAS 전지의 구성, 다황화나트륨($Na_2S_x$, 방전생성물) 및 양극재의 특성, 전지 성능에 미치는 영향인자들에 대해서 알아보고자 한다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제57권5호
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• pp.695-700
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 유기물인 안트라퀴논(AQDS)와 템포(TEMPO)를 활물질로 사용하고 N 중성 전해질 기반 수계 유기레독스 흐름전지 성능이 멤브레인에 따라 어떻게 영향을 받는지 분석하였다. 안트라퀴논과 템포 모두 중성 전해질인 염화칼륨(KCl) 전해질에 대해 높은 전자전달성(0.068 V의 산화 반응 및 환원 반응의 피크 전위차) 및 셀전압(1.17 V)을 얻을 수 있었다. 성능비교를 위해 사용한 멤브레인으로, 상용 양이온 교환막 중 하나인 Nafion 212를 사용하였을 때, 0.1 M 활물질을 1 M 염화칼륨 전해질에 용해해서 작동한 레독스 흐름전지 완전지 테스트를 통해, 전류효율 97%, 전압 효율 59%의 성능을 나타내었지만, 방전 용량(discharge capacity)은 4 사이클에서 $0.93Ah{\cdot}L^{-1}$로 이론 용량($2.68Ah{\cdot}L^{-1}$)의 35%를 도달하였으며, 총 10사이클 동안 방전 용량의 용량 손실율(capacity loss rate)은 $0.018Ah{\cdot}L^{-1}/cycle$ 이다. 그 외에도 Nafion 117 멤브레인, SELEMION CSO 멤브레인을 사용하여 단전지 성능을 테스트하였을 때, 오히려 저항 증가 및 투과 유도로 인해 더 큰 용량 손실을 이끌었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.73-78
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• 2009

This study investigated the dependence of the various sputtering conditions (Ar pressure: $2{\sim}10\;mTorr$, Power: $50{\sim}150\;W$) and thickness ($50{\sim}1200\;nm$) of Si thin film on the electrochemical properties, microstructural properties and the capacity fading of a Si thin film anode. A Si layer and a Ti buffer layer were deposited on Copper foil by RF-magnetron sputtering. At 10 mTorr, the 50 W sample showed the best capacity of 3323 mAh/g, while the 100 W sample showed the best capacity retention of 91.7%, also at 10 mTorr. The initial capacities and capacity retention in the samples apart from the 50W sample at 10 mTorr were enhanced as the Ar pressure and power increased. This was considered to be related to the change of the microstructure and the surface morphology by various sputtering conditions. In addition, thinner Si film anodes showed better cycling performance. This phenomenon is caused by the structural stress and peeling off of the Si layer by the high volume change of Si during the charge/discharge process.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.837-844
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• 2010

In this study, performance of R1234yf and R1234yf/R134a mixture is measured on a heat pump bench tester in an attempt to substitute R134a used widely in mobile air conditioners (MACs). The bench tester is equipped with a open type compressor providing a nominal capacity of 3.5 kW. All tests are conducted under the summer cooling and winter heating conditions of 7/4 $5^{\circ}C$ and $-7/41^{\circ}C$ in the evaporator and condenser, respectively. For R1234yf/R134a mixture, measurements are made at 5%, 10%, and 15% of R134a by mass. Test results show that the coefficient of performance (COP) and capacity of R1234yf are up to 2.7% and 4.0% lower than those of R134a, respectively. For R1234yf/R134a mixture, the COP and capacity are up to 3.9% lower and 3.6% higher than those of R134a. For R1234yf and R1234yf/R134a mixture, the compressor discharge temperature is $4.1{\sim}6.7^{\circ}C$ lower than that of R134a while the amount of charge is reduced up to 11% as compared to R134a. 90%R1234yf/10%R134a is a better refrigerant than pure R1234yf in that it is less flammable and more compatible with existing R134a system. Based upon the results, it is concluded that R1234yf and R1234yf/R134a mixture are long term environmentally friendly solutions to mobile air-conditioners due to their excellent environmental properties with acceptable performance.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.383-391
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• 2010

In this study, HFC152a, HFC134a/HFC152a and HC290/HFC134a/HFC152a mixtures are studied for the supplementary and alternative refrigerants for HFC134a used in automobile air-conditioners. Due to the high global warming potential of HFC134a, it has to be phased out in the long run. Thermodynamic performance of these refrigerants are measured in a bench tester of 3.5 kW capacity with an open type compressor under both summer and winter conditions. Test results show that the coefficient of performance (COP) and capacity of pure HFC152a and HFC134a/HFC152a mixture are 9.1~12% and 7% higher than those of HFC134a. As for the HC290/HFC134a/HFC152a, the COP is up to 9.5% higher than that of HFC134a with 1~2% of HC290 while that is up to 6.1% lower than that of HFC134a with 5% HC290. The capacity of the ternary mixture, however, is 8.6% higher than that of HFC134a at all compositions tested. The compressor discharge temperatures of all refrigerants tested are $6{\sim}10^{\circ}C$ higher than that of HFC134a. For all refrigerants, the amount of charge is reduced up to 32% due to the decrease in liquid density. Overall, these refrigerants provide good performance with reasonable energy savings with less environmental problem and thus can be used as long term alternatives for automobile air-conditioners.

• 공업화학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.81-89
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• 1994

고성능 니켈/금속수소 축전지를 개발하기 위하여 전극용량도 비교적 높고, 합금가격이 저렴한 Mm계 전극에 대하여 P-C-T 특성, 충방전 특성, microencapsulation 방법 및 그 효과 등에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. P-C-T 특성조사로부터 플라토압력, 수소저장량을 구하였는데, Mm계 합금인 경우는 각각 0.4기압, 310mAh/g으로 나타났다. Microencapsulation 처리를 함으로써 도전재를 혼합한 전극보다 전극용량 및 전극의 안정성을 향상시켰으며, 또한 전처리없이 microencapsulation처리가 가능하였다. Microencapsulation 처리한 Mm계 합금의 전극용량은 240~250 mAh/(0.2 C)이었다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1995년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1034-1038
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to research and develop $TiS_2$ composite cathode for lithium polymer battery(LPB). $TiS_2$ electrode represent a class of insertion positive electrode used in Li secondary batteries. In this study, we investigated preparation of $TiS_2$ composite cathode and AC impedance response of $TiS_2$ composite/SPE/Li cells as a function of state of charge(SOC) and cycling. The resistance of B type cell using $TiS_2PEO_8LiClO_4PC_5EC_5$ composite cathode was lower than that of A type cell using $TiS_2PEO$ composite cathode. The cell resistance of B type cell is high for the first few percent discharge, decreases for midium discharge and then increases again toward the end of discharge. We believe the magnitude of the cell resistance is dominated by passivation layer impedance and small cathode resistance. AC impedance results indicate that the cell internal resistance increase with cycling, and this is attributed to change of passivation layer impedance with cycling. The passivation layer resistance($R_f$) of B type cell decreases for the 2nd cycling and then increases again with cycling. Redox coulombic efficiency of B type cell was about 141% at 1st cycle and 100% at 12th cycle. Also, $TiS_2$ specific capacity was 115 mAh/g at 12 cycle.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.447-453
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• 2017

In this study, $Li_2MnSiO_4$ cathode material and LiPON solid electrolyte were manufactured into thin films, and the possibility of their use in thin-film batteries was researched. When the RTP treatment was performed after $Li_2MnSiO_4$ cathode thin-film deposition on the SUS substrate by a sputtering method, a ${\beta}-Li_2MnSiO_4$ cathode thin film was successfully manufactured. The LiPON solid electrolyte was prepared by a reactive sputtering method using a $Li_3PO_4$ target and $N_2$ gas, and a homogeneous and flat thin film was deposited on a $Li_2MnSiO_4$ cathode thin film. In order to evaluate the electrochemical properties of the $Li_2MnSiO_4$ cathode thin films, coin cells using only a liquid electrolyte were prepared and the charge/discharge test was conducted. As a result, the amorphous thin film of RTP treated at $600^{\circ}C$ showed the highest initial discharge capacity of about $60{\mu}Ah/cm^2$. In cases of coin cells using liquid/solid double electrolyte, the discharge capacities of the $Li_2MnSiO_4$ cathode thin films were comparable to those without solid LiPON electrolyte. It was revealed that $Li_2MnSiO_4$ cathode thin films with LiPON solid electrolyte were applicable in thin film batteries.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.32-36
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• 2014

The $0.3Li_2MnO_3{\cdot}0.7LiMn_{0.55}Ni_{0.30}Co_{0.15}O_2$ cathode material was prepared via a co-precipitation method. The vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) was used as a conductive material and its effects on electrochemical properties of the $0.3Li_2MnO_3{\cdot}0.7LiMn_{0.55}Ni_{0.30}Co_{0.15}O_2$ cathode material were investigated. From the XRD pattern, the typical complex layered structure was confirmed and a solid solution between $Li_2MnO_3$ and $LiMO_2$ (M = Ni, Co and Mn) was formed without any secondary phases. The VGCF was properly distributed between cathode materials and conductive sources by a FE-SEM. In voltage profiles, the electrode with VGCF showed higher discharge capacity than the pristine electrode. At a 5C rate, 146 mAh/g was obtained compared with 232 mAh/g at initial discharge in the electrode with VGCF. Furthermore, the impedance of the electrode with VGCF did not changed much around $9-10{\Omega}$ while the pristine electrode increased from 21.5${\Omega}$ to $46.3{\Omega}$ after the $30^{th}$ charge/discharge cycling.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

신재생 에너지 발전을 통한 안정적인 전력 공급을 위해 대용량 에너지 저장 장치의 중요성이 최근 부각되고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 차세대 이차 전지인 Na-air battery (NAB)는 풍부하고 저렴한 원재료를 통해 대용량을 구현할 수 있어 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Hybrid type Na-air battery를 위한 활성탄 기반 촉매들을 제조하여 이들의 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 특히, 자원 재활용의 관점에서 버려진 오렌지 껍질을 사용하여 활성탄(Orange-C)과 이를 질소를 이용하여 도핑한 활성탄(N-doped-Carbon, Nd-C)을 제조하였으며, 널리 사용되고 있는 Vulcan카본과 성능을 비교하였다. 또한, 제조한 활성탄(Nd-C)이 지지 촉매로 활용 가능한지 확인하기 위해 수정된 폴리올법을 사용하여 Pt/C 촉매(homemade-Pt/C, HM-Pt/C)를 합성하였으며, 상용화된 Pt/C 촉매(Commercial Pt/C)와 전기화학적 성능을 비교하였다. 제조된 Orange-C와 Nd-C는 전형적인 H3 타입 BET isotherm을 보였으며, 이는 마이크로 기공과 메조기공이 존재한다는 증거이다. 또한, HM-Pt/C의 경우, 활성탄(Nd-C) 지지 촉매 위에 Pt 입자가 고르게 분포하고 있음을 TEM 분석을 통해 확인할 수 있었다. 특히, HM-Pt/C 기반의 NAB의 경우, 1st galvanostatic charge-discharge 시험에서 가장 작은 Voltage gap (0.224V)과 우수한 Voltage efficiency (92.34%)를 보였다. 또한, 20사이클 동안 진행한 사이클 성능 시험에서도 가장 안정적인 성능을 보였다.