• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.275-295
• /
• 2011

Any attempt which requires banks to consider non-documentary conditions would destroy autonomy principle and increase the risks of the bank in L/C transactions. Therefore, non-documentary conditions are disregarded in the letter of credit. This provision was first introduced in UCP500, but later, ICC Position Paper No.3 added that if L/C requires documents related to non-documentary conditions, it cannot be disregarded. While the language in UCP600 is basically the same as that in UCP500, there is a difference between the two in that the former disregards the documents related to non-documentary conditions even if they are required by L/C. However, it should be remembered that international standard banking practice does not disregard all of non-documentary conditions. It recognizes the validity of some non-documentary conditions which it is not feasible to change into documentary conditions. That is, such non-documentary conditions as can be determined from an index specified in the guarantee or identified from the issuing bank's own records or their normal operations are recognized as valid in legal cases. ISP98 and UR00758 do not consider these as non-documentary conditions. The applicant should be cautious not to include non-documentary conditions in their applications.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.389-409
• /
• 2012

The Switched Bill of Lading(SBL) has been in frequent use in recent years as intermediary trade increases with the growing number of companies' overseas subsidiaries. Its frequent use, though, has brought about disputes regarding its illegal issue. Although there are several legal cases regarding this, studies on this issue are hard to find. Therefore, this study tries to provide countermeasures and precautions against unlawful issues of SBL through examining the legal cases resulting from illegal issuing practices of SBL. When the Switched Bill of Lading is issued, the shipper, consignee, port of loading and unloading, and shipping date of the original bill of lading are usually changed. Statements which may put the shipper at a disadvantageous position may also be deleted and/or the bill of lading may be either divided or integrated when it is issued. However, if the carrier issues the SBL 1)without withdrawing original BL, 2)indicating the shipping date, port of loading and port of discharge falsely, or 3)deleting the statements which may give him disadvantages, it may be regarded as an illegal issue. These unlawful issues of SBL may pose a huge threat to the shipper, banks and the parties relating to the trade. That is, the shipper may take a substantial loss when the goods can be delivered to a third party by SBL without his collecting the proceeds. The issuing bank and the negotiating bank may also have their security rights to the goods hampered by the illegal and improper issue of SBL. In most cases, the carrier has no choice but to issue the SBL without collecting the original BL for fear of hurting the relationship with the intermediary traders. This practice of issuing more than two sets of BL may pose a potential risk to the carrier.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.55-78
• /
• 2016

This paper discusses on Electronic Payment System between U.S.A. and Canada. In particular, I focused on ACSS compare with FedACH(Fed Automated Clearing House) to advance a research effects. Because both of them is a low-value, high-volume retail payment system which their countries represent. The ACSS(Automated Clearing Settlement System) is the system through which the vast majority of CPA payment items are cleared, through various payment streams. In 2014, ACSS system cleared approximately 6.8billion payments worth a total value of $ 44.9 trillion. While, The FedACH Network are the center of America Commerce, moving more than $40 trillion each year. That's made up of almost 23 billion electronic financial transaction, including direct deposit via ACH, social security and government benefits, electronic bill payments such as utility and mortgage payments. Thus in this article, first of all, I considered features of payment system and the types of payment items between ACSS and FedAch. Second, I analyzed the status of central bank and legal background. Third, I focused on the operational policy and risk aversion policy. Lastly, I suggested that their payment and banking system have to assume, with good reason, more efficiently accurately and securely operation to protect their customer from credit risk and financial fraud.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.15 no.7
• /
• pp.319-328
• /
• 2017

This study was done to identify the relationship among smartphone addiction, emotional intelligence, critical thinking disposition and communication skill for nursing students. Subjects were 301 associate nursing students in Korea. The data were collected using self -report questionnaire from november 1 to november 30, 2016. Data were analyzed by frequencies, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation using SPSS Win 18.0. The score for Smartphone addiction was 2.84. Tolerance was the highest and Virtual world orientation was the lowest in the subdimension. 88.7% of the general user group, 9.6% of the potential risk user group and 1.7% of the high risk user group were in the order of the smartphone addiction. Smartphone addiction were significantly negative correlation with emotional intelligence and critical thinking disposition in nursing students. And the higher smartphone addiction was showed the lower emotional intelligence, critical thinking disposition. Smartphone addiction were no significantly correlation with communication skill in nursing students. Emotional intelligence were significantly positive correlation with critical thinking disposition and communication skill in nursing students. Therefore, To increase emotional intelligence and critical thinking disposition of nursing students, it is necessary to develop and test the program for decrease smartphone addiction of nursing students.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.483-492
• /
• 2020

Considering the fact that many students and parents spend a considerable amount of time and economic power on prior learning and that the environments of internet-based society change rapidly, it is worth examining the status and effectiveness of prior learning. In response, the study surveyed 186 first-year students of A high school in Changwon on the basic status of science prior learning. By the analysis results for the status, 39.8% of the students surveyed said they had experience in prior learning in science. Among the students experienced, 56 students who started science prior learning after the start of winter vacation in the third grade of middle school were analyzed the specific status of science prior learning and the impact of science prior learning on science achievements. The semi-subject form of pre-learning in science showed the highest response rate with 50.0 percent, and the motivation for pre-learning in science was the highest with 33.9 percent improvement in test scores. The confidence and learning intention were positive when conducting prior learning in a semi-subject form, and interest and value were positive when conducting prior learning in a self-directed form. As a result of the survey on the effect of science prior learning, 71.4% of the students who experienced science prior learning showed positive scientific achievement.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.155-159
• /
• 2003

We report on the annealing effect and ferromagnetic characteristics of Zn$_{0.7}$Mn$_{0.3}$O film prepared by sol-gel method on the silicon (100) substrate using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry. Magnetic measurements show thatZn$_{0.7}$Mn$_{0.3}$O films exhibit ferromagnetism at 5 K revealing the coercive field of ∼110 Oe for as grown sample and 360, 1035 Oe for samples annealed at 700, 800 $^{\circ}C$, respectively. Our experimental evidence suggests that ferromagnetic precipitates of a manganese oxide may be responsible for the observed ferromagnetic behaviors of the film.he film.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.975-983
• /
• 1998

Purpose: Frequent deletion of 3p in numerous cancer including lung cancer suggests the presence of tumor suppressor gene. 3p has been analysed by RFLP and PCR-LOH of microsatellite locus. In this study, we observed the deletion of 3p in Korean NSCLC by PCR-LOH of 4 microsatellite loci and investigated the clinical significance. Method: 62 surgically resected NSCLC DNA and normal lung DNA have been analysed by PCR-LOH at three dinucleotide[D3S1228 (3p14.1-14.3), D3S1067 (3p14.3-21.1), D3S1029 (3p21.1-21.3)] and one tetranucleotide[D3S1537 (3p 22-24.2)] repeat microsatellite loci. Results: Among 59 informative cases, 3p deletion by PCR-LOH at four microsatellite loci was found in 31 patients(52.5%). 3p deletion were found in 55% of squamous cell lung cancer and 47% of adenocarcinoma patients. No significant difference has been found in clinical parameters such as staging, smoking and survival according to the status of 3p deletion. Conclusion: Deletions in 3p have played an important role in Korean NSCLC though no clinical significance was detected.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.77-87
• /
• 2009

Drought has different characteristics from other disasters. Say, drought effect can be prolonged according to drought duration and so the estimation of drought damage can be difficult. Therefore this study suggested and applied the proper drought damage estimation method developed based on previous methods. The suggested method was used for the drought damage estimations considering agricultural aspect and domestic water use which the data are available. We estimated drought damages on Gimhae-si, Namhae-gun, Uiryeong-gun, Changnyeong-gun, and Changwon-si in Gyungsang Nam-do from 2006 to 2008. As a result, in agricultural aspect, the damage on rice was about 195million won in Uiryeong-gun and on rice was about 67million won in Changnyeong-gun. In domestic water use, the damage was about 21billion won on 4 towns of Namhae-gun when we assumed the expense for sufferance is 400,000 won. We may need develope the method in the direction of the best use of present data for the improvement of the suggested method in agricultural aspect. In the case of the estimation of drought damage about domestic water use, we could suggest more realistic method if we consider the weights for the expense for sufferance and water use.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.215-221
• /
• 2006

This study focuses on investigating the effect of porosity-controlled earthenware on fermentation of kanjang, Korean soy sauce. Porosity of fermentation vessel was controlled by changing the mixing ratio of raw soils at manufacturing earthenware. Earthenwares contented 0%, 40% and 60% of the mixture of red brown soil and powdered soil (1 : 1), respectively. The more contents of the mixed soil, the more porosity in earthenware. During fermentation of kanjang in porosity-controlled earthenwares at $30^{\circ}C$ for 4 months, physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory quality attributes were monitored. Compared to other containers, kanjang in the earthenware that had 0% mixed soil showed less water loss, salt content and pH. It also produced higher total acidity, protease activity, total nucleotide, and microbiological changes which included total aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Total nitrogen and free amino acids in kanjang did not show the consistency with the mixed soil contents of fermentation containers, which may take more effect of other factors as water loss than the porosity of vessels. However, the percentage of glutamic acid in total free amino acids was a little higher in the earthenware that had 0% of mixed soil than other containers. These positive physicochemical, microbiological changes also resulted in higher sensory quality.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.640-646
• /
• 2006

The present investigation was carried out particularly to optimize the extraction process of Poncirus trifoliata and Prunus mume to develop a functional foodstuff having antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The extracts were prepared from the fruits under various conditions, and then optimum extraction conditions were decided in case maximal antibacterial activity was obtained. In extraction process by using hot water, the best antibacterial activity of Poncirus trifoliata was achieved at $80{\sim}100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, while that of Prunus mume was achieved at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, as showing 14.8 and 16.6 mm of inhibition diameter, respectively. The extraction process with addition of NaOH increased the activity of Prunus mume, but addition of $K_2CO_3$ and $NaHCO_3$ drastically decreased the activity. In the processes at high temperature up to $120^{\circ}C$ by using pressure extractor and with various concentrations of NaOH, the maximum activity was observed in the extract of Prunus mume at $120^{\circ}C$ for 30 min with 0.05 N NaOH. The fermented ethanol extract of the fruits showed less activity than those of the extracts with water and NaOH solution.