• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제22권11호
• /
• pp.626-630
• /
• 2012

The properties of SOFC unit cells manufactured using the decalcomania method were investigated. SOFC unit cell manufacturing using the decalcomania method is a very simple process. In order to minimize the ohmic loss of flattened tube type anode supports of solid oxide fuel cells(SOFC), the cells were fabricated by producing an anode function layer, YSZ electrolyte, LSM electrode, etc., on the supports and laminating them. The influence of these materials on the power output characteristics was studied when laminating the components and laminating the anode function layer between the anode and the electrolyte to improve the output characteristics. Regarding the performance of the SOFC unit cell, the output was 246 $mW/cm^2$ at a temperature of $800^{\circ}C$ in the case of not laminating the anode function layer; however, this value was improved by a factor of two to 574 $mW/cm^2$ due to the decrease of the ohmic resistance and polarization resistance of the cell in the case of laminating the anode function layer. The outputs appeared to be as high as 574 and 246 $mW/cm^2$ at a temperature of $800^{\circ}C$ in the case of using decalcomania paper when laminating the electrolyte layer using the in dip-coating method; however, the reason for this is that interfacial adhesion was improved due to the dense structure, which leads to a thin thickness of the electrolyte layer.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.609-615
• /
• 2011

A 5 kW class SOFC system for cogeneration power units was consisted of a hot box part and cold BOPs. High temperature components such as a stack, a fuel reformer, a catalytic combustor, and heat exchanges are arranged in the bot box considering their operating temperatures for the system efficiency. The hot box was made of ceramic boards for the thermal insulation. A 5 kW class SOFC stack was composed of 2 sub-modules and each module had 64 cells with $15{\times}15cm^2$ area and stainless steel interconnects. The 5 kW class SOFC system was operated with a hydrogen and a city gas. With a hydrogen, the total power of the stacks was about 7.1 kWDC and electrical efficiency was about 49.3% at 80 A. With a city gas, the total power of the stacks was about 5.7 $kW_{DC}$ and electrical efficiency was about 38.8% at 60 A. Under self-sustained operating condition, the system efficiency including a power conditioning loss and a consumed power by BOPs was about 30.2%.

• 한국결정성장학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국결정성장학회 1996년도 제11차 KACG 학술발표회 Crystalline Particle Symposium (CPS)
• /
• pp.285-309
• /
• 1996

Non oxide ceramics such as nitrides of transition metals have shown significant potential for future economic impact, in diverse applications in ceramic, aerospace and electronic industries, as refractory products, abrasives and cutting tools, aircraft components, and semi-conductor substrates amid others. Combustion synthesis has become an attractive alternative to the conventional furnace technology to produce these materials cheaply, faster and at a higher level of purity. However he process os highly exothermic and manifests complex dynamics due to its strongly non-linear nature. In order to develop an understanding of this process and to study the effect of operational parameters on the final outcome, numerical modeling is necessary, which would generated essential knowledge to help scale-up the process. the model is based on a system of parabolic-hyperbolic partial differential equations representing the heat, mass and momentum conservation relations. The model also takes into account structural change due to sintering and volumetric expansion, and their effect on the transport properties of the system. The solutions of these equations exhibit steep moving spatial gradients in the form of reaction fronts, propagating in space with variable velocity, which gives rise to varying time scales. To cope with the possibility of extremely abrupt changes in the values of the solution over very short distances, adaptive mesh techniques can be applied to resolve the high activity regions by ordering grid points in appropriate places. To avoid a control volume formulation of the solution of partial differential equations, a simple orthogonal, adaptive-mesh technique is employed. This involves separate adaptation in the x and y directions. Through simple analysis and numerical examples, the adaptive mesh is shown to give significant increase in accuracy in the computations.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.169-176
• /
• 2020

There is a growing interest in hydrogen energy utilization since an alternative energy development has been demanded due to the depletion of fossil fuels. Hydrogen is produced by the reforming reaction of natural gas and biogas, and the electrolysis of water. An solid oxide electrolyte cell (SOEC) is reversible system that generates hydrogen by electrolyzing the superheated steam or producing the electricity from a fuel cell by hydrogen. If the water can be converted into steam by waste heat from other processes it is more efficient for high-temperature electrolysis to convert steam directly. The reasons are based upon the more favorable thermodynamic and electrochemical kinetic conditions for the reaction. In the present study, steam at over 180℃ and 3.4 bars generated from a boiler were converted into superheated steam at over 700℃ and 3 bars using a cylindrical steam superheater as well as the waste heat of the exhaust gas at 900℃ from a solid refuse fuel combustor. Superheated steam at over 700℃ was then supplied to a high-temperature SOEC to increase the hydrogen production efficiency of water electrolysis. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was conducted on the effects of the number of 90° elbow connector for piping, insulation types and insulation layers of pipe on the exit temperature using a commercial Fluent simulator. For two pre-heater injection method of steam inlet and ceramic wool insulation of 100 mm thickness, the highest inlet temperature of SOEC was 744℃ at 5.9 bar.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
• /
• 제53권2호
• /
• pp.67-72
• /
• 2004

The microwave dielectric properties and microstructure of the (1-x)$Mg_4Ta_2O_{9-x}TiO_2$(X=0, 0.3, 0.4) ceramic were, investigated. The specimens were prepared by the conventional mixed oxide method with sintering temperature of $1350^{\circ}C$∼$1425^{\circ}C$. According to the XRD patterns, the (1-x)$Mg_4Ta_2O_{9-x}TiO_2$(X=0, 0.3, 0.4) ceramics have the $Mg_4Ta_2O_{9}$ phase(hexagonal). The dielectric constant($\varepsilon$$_{\gamma}$) and density increased with sintering temperature and mole fraction of x. To improve the quality factor and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency, TiO$_2$($\varepsilon_{r}$=100, $Q{\times}f_{r}$=40,000GHz, $\tau$$_{f}$=＋450 ppm/$^{\circ}C$) was added in $Mg_4Ta_2O_{9}$ ceramics. In the case of the $0.7Mg_4Ta_2O_{9}$-$0.3TiO_2$ and the $0.6Mg_4Ta_2O_{9}$-$0.4TiO_2$ceramics sintered at $1400^{\circ}C$ for 5hr., the microwave dielectric properties were $\varepsilon$$_{\gamma}$=11.72, $Q{\times}f_{r}$=126,419GHz, $\tau_{f}$=-31.82 ppm/$^{\circ}C$ and $\varepsilon_{r}$=12.19, $Q{\times}f_{r}$=109,411GHZ, $\tau$$_{f}$= -17.21 ppm/$^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전기전자재료학회 1990년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.65-67
• /
• 1990

In this study, (0.80-x)Pb($Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3}$)$O_3$-$PbTiO_3$-Pb($Ni_\frac{1}{2}W_\frac{1}{2}$)$O_3$ 0.05$\leq$x$\leq$0.20) ceramics were fabricated by the mixed oxide method, the sintering temperature and time were 950∼1200[$^{\circ}C$], 2[hr], respectively. The dielectric and structural properties with composition and sintering temperature were investigated for the application as multilayer ceramic capacitors. Dielectric constant of 0.70PMN-0.2PT-0.10PNW composition with repeated calcination was increased rapidly. Increasing the Pb($Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3}$)$O_3$-$PbTiO_3$-Pb($Ni_\frac{1}{2}W_\frac{1}{2}$)$O_3$ contents from 0.05 to 0.20 [mol], phase transition temperature was shifted from 68 to 2[$^{\circ}C$] and dielectric constant was decreased while sintered density was increased. In the specimens containing 0.10, 0.15[mol] of PNW, dielectri constants at room temperature were exhibited the highest values 11199, 10114, respectively. Resistivity of specimens were $10^{10}$ ∼ $10^{12}$($\Omega$.m) and there was no dependence on sintering temperature and composition.

• 세라미스트
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.388-405
• /
• 2018

In this paper, we review about current development of electrode materials for Li-ion batteries and catalysts for fuel cells. We scrutinized various electrode materials for cathode and anode in Li-ion batteries, which include the materials currently being used in the industry and candidates with high energy density. While layered, spinel, olivine, and rock-salt type inorganic electrode materials were introduced as the cathode materials, the Li metal, graphite, Li-alloying metal, and oxide compound have been discussed for the application to the anode materials. In the development of fuel cell catalysts, the catalyst structures classified according to the catalyst composition and surface structure, such as Pt-based metal nanoparticles, non-Pt catalysts, and carbon-based materials, were discussed in detail. Moreover, various support materials used to maximize the active surface area of fuel cell catalysts were explained. New electrode materials and catalysts with both high electrochemical performance and stability can be developed based on the thorough understanding of earlier studied electrode materials and catalysts.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제29권8호
• /
• pp.469-476
• /
• 2019

A lead-free bulk ceramic having a chemical formula $Ba_{0.8}Ca_{0.2}(Ti_{0.8}Zr_{0.1}Ce_{0.1})O_3$ (further termed as BCTZCO) is synthesized using mixed oxide route. The structural, dielectric, impedance, and conductivity properties, as well as the modulus of the synthesized sample are discussed in the present work. Analysis of X-ray diffraction data obtained at room temperature reveals the existence of some impurity phases. The natural surface morphology shows close packing of grains with few voids. Attempts have been made to study the (a) effect of microstructures containing grains, grain boundaries, and electrodes on impedance and capacitive characteristics, (b) relationship between properties and crystal structure, and (c) nature of the relaxation mechanism of the prepared samples. The relationship between the structure and physical properties is established. The frequency and temperature dependence of the dielectric properties reveal that this complex system has a high dielectric constant and low tangent loss. An analysis of impedance and related parameters illuminates the contributions of grains. The activation energy is determined for only the high temperature region in the temperature dependent AC conductivity graph. Deviation from the Debye behavior is seen in the Nyquist plot at different temperatures. The relaxation mechanism and the electrical transport properties in the sample are investigated with the help of various spectroscopic (i.e., dielectric, modulus, and impedance) techniques. This lead free sample will serve as a base for device engineering.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.23-28
• /
• 2019

타이타니아 ($TiO_2$)는 독성이 없고 매우 높은 굴절률, 촉매 활성 및 생체 적합성을 지니고 있으며 화학적 안정성이 있고 높은 이방성을 갖는 저렴한 재료로써 다양한 분야에서 각광받고 있는 세라믹 소재이다. 이러한 $TiO_2$를 sol-gel법을 이용하여 나노입자화 하였다. 나노입자 형성중에 pH를 조절하여 $TiO_2$의 결정성을 제어하였다. 합성된 나노입자는 엑스선 회절분석법, 퓨리에 분광기(Fourier transform infrared), 전계방사형 주사전자현미경(field emission scanning electron microscopy)과 포토루미네선스(photoluminescence spectroscopy)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 합성된 $TiO_2$ 나노입자는 5 nm 이하의 크기를 갖는 것을 확인하였다. 나노입자의 결정성이 증가됨에 따라 550 nm 영역의 발광세기가 증가함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과로 $TiO_2$ 나노입자의 결정성 조절을 통한 발광 특성 조절을 기대할 수 있다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.180-190
• /
• 2021

Purpose. This study aimed to assess the influence of various micromechanical surface conditioning (MSC) strategies with or without coupling agent (silane) application on the micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) of resin- matrix ceramics (RMCs). Materials and Methods. GC Cerasmart (GC), Lava Ultimate (LU), Vita Enamic (VE), Voco Grandio (VG), and Brilliant Crios (BC) were cut into 1.0-mm-thick slices (n = 32 per RMC) and separated into four groups according to the MSC strategy applied: control-no conditioning (C), air-borne particle abrasion with aluminum oxide particles (APA), 2W- and 3W-Er,Cr:YSGG group coding is missing. The specimens in each group were further separated into silane-applied and silane-free subgroups. Each specimen received two resin cement microtubules (n = 8 per subgroup). A shear force was applied to the adhesive interface through a universal test machine and µSBS values were measured. Data were statistically analyzed by using 3-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Failure patterns were scrutinized under stereomicroscope. Results. RMC material type, MSC strategy, and silanization influenced the µSBS values (P<.05). In comparison to the control group, µSBS values increased after all other MSC strategies (P<.05) while the differences among these strategies were insignificant (P>.05). For control and APA, there were insignificant differences between RMCs (P>.05). The silanization decreased µSBS values of RMCs except for VE. Considerable declines were observed in GC and BC (P<.05). Conclusion. MSC strategies can enhance bond strength values at the RMC - cement interface. However, the choice of MSC strategy is dependent on RMC material type and each RMC can require a dedicated way of conditioning.