• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.589-595
• /
• 2001

Effect of anti-microbial agents, such as alcohol, garlic, chitosan, K-sorbate, or mustard, or pasteurization on the quality of traditional kochujang was investigated during storage at $30^{\circ}C$ for 24 weeks. Water activities of kochujang decreased after 12 weeks of storage. Consistency increased during storage and highest consistency of kochujang was obtained by the addition of mustard or garlic. Hunter a- and b-values decreased linearly as storage time passed. The degree of increase in total color difference$({\Delta}E)$ of alcohol added group was the highest among the tested anti-microbial agents. Gas was rapidly produced in the control and chitosan added group of kochujang. Capsanthin content decreased more rapidly in the group of alcohol, garlic or mustard added kochujang than the other group. Viable cell counts of yeast and aerobic bacteria in kochujang increased up to 12 weeks of storage, and then decreased slowly. The number of yeast was low in K-sorbate or alcohol added group. Activity of ${\alpha}-amylase$ decreased during storage, but that of ${\beta}-amylase$ increased in alcohol, garlic, K-sorbate added or pasteurized kochujang. Protease activities did not show any remarkable differences in the groups of tested during storage.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.32 no.8
• /
• pp.887-896
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this research is to assess hematological and biochemical status and the prevalence of iron deficiency of pregnant women by gestational age to provide the primary data about iron nutritional status of pregnant women. Pregnant women visiting public health centers in Ulsan participated in study and were divided into 3 trimester by last menstrual period(LMP). Hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit(Hct)and mean corpuscular volume(MCV) among iron status indices were not statistically different from normal distribution, however total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin were skewed to left and serum iron and transferrin saturation(TS) were skewed to right. Hgb was positively correlated with Hct(r=0.93, p<0.001) but TIBC was negatively correlated with all indices. Serum ferritin was also correlated with all indices, especially in 3rd trimester but not reached to 1st trimester level. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), Red cell distribution width(RDW), serum iron and TS were not significantly different by trimester, however when serum serum iron was adjusted with hematocrit to correct the hemodilution, it significantly decreased in 2nd trimester. MCV increased in 2nd trimester and was maintained until late pregnancy, TIBC continued to increase throughout the trimester. The prevalence of anemic by CDC(Centers for Disease Control) Hgb criteria(Hgb <11.0g/dl in 1st and 3nd trimester, Hgb<10.5g/dl in 2nd trimester) was 2.8% in 1st trimester, 22.5% in 2nd trimester, 27.1% in 3rd trimester and was similar with prevalence by CDC Hct criteria(Hct < 33% in 1st and 3rd, Hct < 32% in 2nd). The prevalence of anemic of total subjects was 32.7% by WHO criteria(Hgb < 11.0g/dl). Although almost iron status indices increased in 3rd trimester, the prevalence of anemia by different criteria of all indices increased throughout the trimester, so iron nutritional status was considered as serious during late pregnancy. However, since factors other than iron deficiency, such as infection, infection, inflammation, other nutrient deficiency may also play a significant role, to differentiate the anemia due to mainly iron deficiency from the anemia due to other factors, serum ferritin is among the more useful indices in distinguishing the two conditions because it is depressed only in iron deficiency. Hgb<11.0g/dl and serum ferritin<12.0ug/L as the criteria of iron deficiency was suggested by CDC. 17.8% of all subjects were classified as iron deficient anemia, 14.9% as anemic from other reasons, 21.2% as iron deficiency any only 46.2% were in normal iron status.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.215-220
• /
• 2005

Objective : Many researchers believe that the hypothermia shows neuro-protective effect on brain injury. To understand the molecular mechanism of the hypothermic treatment, this study investigated its effects on the expression of cell death or survival related proteins such as p53, Bcl-2 and Bax in the rat traumatic brain injury[TBI] model. Methods : Twenty rats [Spraque Dawley, $200{\sim}250g$] were subjected to the brain injury of moderate severity [$2.4{\sim}2.6atm$] using the fluid percussion injury device and five rats were received only same surgery as controls. During 30minutes after the brain injury, the hypothermia group was maintained the body temperature around $34^{\circ}C$ while the control group were maintained that of $36^{\circ}C$. Five rats in each group were sacrificed 12h or 24h after brain injury and their brain sections was analyzed for physical damages by H-E stains and the extent of apoptosis by TUNEL assay and immunohistochemical stains. The tissue damage after TBI was mainly observed in the ipsilateral cortex and partly in the hippocampus. Results : Apoptosis was observed by TUNEL assay and the Bax protein was detected in both sample which harvested 12h and 24h after TBI. In the hypothermia treatment group, tissue damage and apoptosis were reduced in HE stains and TUNEL assay. In hypothermia treatment group rat shows more expression of the Bcl-2 protein and shows less expression of the Bax protein, at both 12h and 24h after TBI. Conclusion : These results show that the hypothermia treatment is an effective treatment after TBI, by reducing the apoptotic process. Therefore, it could be suggested that hypothermia has a high therapeutic value for treating tissue damages after TBI.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.372-381
• /
• 2001

In this paper SEED, the Korea Standard 128-bit block cipher algorithm is implemented with VHDL and mapped into one FPGA. SEED consists of round key generation block, F function block, G function block, round processing block, control block and I/O block. The designed SEED is realized in an FPGA but we design it technology-independently so that ASIC or core-based implementation is possible. SEED requires many hardware resources which may be impossible to realize in one FPGA. So it is necessary to minimize hardware resources. In this paper only one G function is implemented and is used for both the F function block and the round key block. That is, by using one G function sequentially, we can realize all the SEED components in one FPGA. The used cell rate after synthesis is 80% in Altem FLEXI0KlOO. The resulted design has 28Mhz clock speed and 14.9Mbps performance. The SEED hardware is technology-independent and no other external component is needed. Thus, it can be applied to other SEED implementations and cipher systems which use SEED.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.165-174
• /
• 1993

This work was conducted to study the use of L. acidophilus, which exists in humun intestine for the fermentation of Chinese cabbage kimchi. The changes in vitamins, the number of microflora and sensory quality were observed during fermentation after the microflora which was not related to kimchi fermentation was eliminated by treatment with ozone water or ozone gas. The growth rate of L. acidophilus in the cabbage juice was higher than that in MRS broth. The growth of L. acidophilus was slightly promoted by adding 1~2% hot pepper powder while that was inhibited by ginger and garlic. Therefore, it was shown that the regulation of fermentation was possible by addition of spices. The result of treating spice with ozone gas and ozone water 6mg/L/sec for 1 hour was that the survival ratio of total microflora was 6~20%. When L. acidophilus was added to materials after ozone treatment, the fermentation rate was improved and the polysaccharides in the cell wall were used when the usable free sugar was all consumed. The contents of vitamin B$_1$ and C in the ozone treated kimchi was higher than in the control.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.53 no.4
• /
• pp.273-285
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of antibacterial substances produced by probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against biogenic amines-producing bacteria and the influence of culture conditions on the antibacterial activity of bacteriocin and organic acid. The bacteriocin solutions of Lactobacillus plantarum FIL20 (64 AU/ml) and Lactobacillus paracasei FIL31 (128 AU/ml) showed strong antibacterial activity against Serratia marcescens CIH09 and Aeromonas hydrophilia RIH28, respectively. And the lactic acid contents in the cell-free culture supernatants (CFCS) obtained from FIL20 and FIL31 strains were $107.3{\pm}2.7mM$ and $129.5{\pm}4.6mM$, respectively. Therefore, the bacteriocin solution (200 AU/ml) and the CFCS ($200{\mu}l/ml$) produced by L. plantarum FIL20 and L. paracasei FIL31 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the bacterial numbers and histamine and tyramine production ability of S. marcescens CIH09 and A. hydrophilia RIH28. The amounts of histamine and tyramine produced by the CIH09 strain under conditions of low initial pH (5.0) and incubation temperature ($15^{\circ}C$) was significantly reduced by treatment with bacteriocin solution and CFCS obtained from L. plantarum FIL20. In addition, the bacterial counts and biogenic amines contents of CIH09 strain were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) when sodium chloride (5%) or potassium nitrite (200 mg/g) were mixed with the antibacterial substances of L. plantarum FIL20. Consequently, the bacteriocin and organic acid solution of L. plantarum FIL20 and L. paracasei FIL31 can be used as a biological preservation to effectively control the production of biogenic amines by the application of hurdle technology.

• Journal of Chitin and Chitosan
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.267-276
• /
• 2018

This study was performed to investigate the ameliorating effect of a hangover beverage mixture (SBJ) that contains Dendropanax morbifera Lev. and several medicinal plant extracts, on hepatoprotection and alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in alcohol-induced hangover in both in vitro and in vivo models. In human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, 300 mM of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity was significantly improved by pretreatment of SBJ by dose-dependent manner. In the in vivo study, administration of alcohol to rats raised to the concentration of blood alcohol and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Blood alcohol and LDH levels in SBJ-treated rats significantly decreased at 0.5 h and 8 h after acute ethanol administration (40%, 4.6 g/kg body weight) as compared to alcohol-treated rats. Hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity were significantly higher in SBJ-treated rats than in alcohol-treated rats. SBJ supplementation reduced formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), and inhibited reductions of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), hepatic glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels, compared with rats administered alcohol. Plasma catalase (CAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels showed unaltered resulted in all experimental groups compared with the control group. These results suggest that SBJ exhibit hepatoprotective properties by enhancing ADH, ALDH activity and stimulating the antioxidant defense system in alcohol-induced hangover.

• Food Engineering Progress
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.14-20
• /
• 2010

The objective of the current study was to determine the cryoprotective effects of trehaolse on lactic acid bacteria in the frozen yoghurt during long-term frozen storage conditions. The frozen yoghurts were prepared using starter culture containing Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, as well as trehalose and sorbitol as a cryoprotectant. The viable cell numbers of lactic acid bacteria in frozen yoghurt did not significantly decreased during six weeks frozen storage conditions. The MRS broth, which contains either trehalose or sorbitol, cultured with L. bulgaricus and/or S. thermophilus, and then the cultured medium was kept in the frozen condition for six weeks. The results indicated that lactic acid bacteria viability significantly increased with trehalose addition (2 and 5%) in the media compared to those of control and sorbitol supplement groups. The lactic acid bacteria viability in the yoghurts was examined on the effects of repeated freeze and thaw events. The freeze-thaw resistance of lactic acid bacteria significantly increased with trehalose supplement in the yoghurt. The major volatile aroma compounds (acetaldehyde, acetone, ethanol, diacetyl, and acetoin) in yoghurt were separated and indentified by headspace GC-FID analysis. Distinct flavor components and their ratios are known as important quality factors for yoghurt notes. Trehalose addition to the yoghurt was not influenced these factors during lactic acid fermentation. The results in this study demonstrated that trehalose potentially can be applicable as an effective cryoprotectant for lactic acid bacteria in the frozen yoghurt products.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.50-56
• /
• 2010

This experiment was carried out to examine the effect of a silicate fertilizer on the growth and development of potted plants. Cutting of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana 'Kaluna' and 'Taos', and Dianthus caryophyllus L. 'Kazan' and 'Tula' were grown in 50 and 128-cell plug trays, respectively. Rooted cuttings transplanted to the mixture of a commercial medium and perlite (5:1, v/v) supplemented with a silicate fertilizer at 0, 40, 80, 120 or $160g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ medium was evaluated. A silicate fertilizer supplementation at $40g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ medium resulted in the greatest plant height, leaf thickness, and root fresh and dry weights in both kalanchoe and carnation. However, plant height was suppressed in the treatment of a silicate fertilizer supplementation at higher concentrations in both kalanchoe and carnation. According to the scanning electron microscope images of transversal sections of tissues of roots and leaves in kalanchoe and carnation, the treatment of a silicate fertilizer supplementation at $40g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ medium resulted in plants with more compact tissue than the control.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.135-140
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the effect of grape by-product on milk yield, milk composition and blood metabolites of lactating cows. A total of 8 Holstein dairy cows (average age = 89.9 months, average lactation day = 164.4, Reproduction number = 2.8) were randomly allocated into control (no additives, CON) or grape by-product treatment (add 1 kg of grape by-product per day, GBP) for 3 weeks. The concentrations of fat, protein, lactose and total solid in milk were not affected by grape by-product supplementation. However, milk yield (23.13 vs. 21.16 kg/d) was higher (p<0.05) in GBP than in CON, while SCC was lower (p<0.05). The concentrations of glucose, alanine aminotransferase, total protein and BUN in blood did not differ between treatments. But blood aspartate aminotransferase and total cholesterol concentrations (123.75 vs. 95.34 IU/L, 200.82 vs. 180.63 mg/dl) were higher (p<0.05) in cows fed GBP than CON. As the result, grape by-product, which has a various potential benefits, could be used as a functional diet supplement for lactating dairy cows.