• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.416-422
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• 2008

This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of the crude alkaloidal fraction (CAF) of methanol extract of Solanum trilobatum Linn. (Solanacea) root in animal models of inflammation. Crude alkaloidal fraction at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.01) reduced carrageenan induced rat paw volume at 3 h after carrageenan challenge as compared to control group of animals. CAF (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.01) and dose dependently suppressed cotton pellet induced granuloma formation. Topical application of CAF (1, 5 and 10 mg/ear) markedly inhibited multiple application of TPA in mice. CAF elicited pronounced inhibitory effects on formaldehyde and adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. These results indicate that CAF of methanol extract of the Solanum trilobatum has anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic inflammation.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1994

The antiinflammatory and antirheumatic activities of a 3% ketoprofen gel (ID-GEL) were evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema method and adjuvant-induced arthritis method, respectively, after its transdermal administration of 50 mg on rat paws in reference to existing transdermal preparations containing 3% ketoprofen and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The % inhibition of carrageenan-induced edema by ID-GEL was 56.2-65.0%, close to the maximum inhibition obtainable with this model, while the % inhibition by existing 3% ketoprofen gels and other NSAID transdermal preparations were 33.8-47.7% and 18.7-29.2%, respectively. ID-GEL had a pronounced antirheumatic activity in both preventive and curative studies with adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats in respect with the inhibition of edema, arthritis score and weight gain, in reference to existing 3% ketoprofen gel.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.75-89
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• 2009

Objectives: Warm needling combines simultaneously the effects of acupuncture and moxibustion. This study was to investigate whether warm needling could relieve acute knee arthritis induced by carrageenan in rats. Methods: To illuminate the underlying mechanisms of the warm needling-induced antinociception, weight bearing force (WBF) was observed on the acute knee arthritic rat model. Under general anesthesia, ST36, SP9, Hakjung extra point, LI4 were punctured and stimulated with 30 mg moxa ball combustion on top of the needle (${\emptyset}0.18{\times}8mm$). Results: In behavioral test, rats subsequently showed a reduced stepping force of the affected limb 3 hours after the induction of arthritis. Warm needling on the contralateral or ipsilateral ST36 failed to show antinociceptive effect on the acute knee arthritis. Warm needling on the contralateral SP9 or LI4 increased WBF values to normal level in the acute stage of the arthritis. Warm needling on the Hakjung extra-point resulted in the significant antinociceptive effects through acute stage. These effects of warm needling were suppressed by opioids receptor antagonist naltrexone (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and alpha adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Conclusion: The data suggest that warm needling-induced antinociception is differently mediated by acupoints and accomplished by activating the descending inhibitory systems including endogenous opioids and $\alpha$-adrenoceptors.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.83-104
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• 2005

Objectives : DaeBangPungTang(DBPT) is one of the prescriptions used for the treatment of knee arthritis in oriental medicine. The present study aimed to examine the analgesic effect of DBPT on a rat model of carrageenan-induced arthritis, and the relations between DBPT-induced analgesia and endogenous nitric oxide(NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord. Methods : Carrageenan-induced arthritis rat model was used to test the effect of DBPT as a chronic pain model. After the induction of arthritis, rats subsequently showed a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for at least tile next 4 days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful knee, since oral infection of indomethacin produced temporary improvement of weight bearing. DBPT dissolved in normal saline was minted several acupoints. After the treatment, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 12 hours. Results : DBPT produced significant improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis lasting at least 9 hours. The magnitude of this improvement was equivalent to that obtained after an oral injection of 3mg/kg of indomethacin and this improvement of stepping force was interpreted as an analgesic effect. DBPT produced the improvement of stepping force of the affected hindlimb in a dose-dependent manner. Both NO production and iNOS, COX-2 protein expression increased by arthritis were suppressed by DBPT. DBPT on combination with electroacupuncture (EA) produced more powerful and longer lasting improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis than either DBPT or EA did. Conclusion : The present study suggest that DBPT produces a potent analgesic effect on the chronic hee arthritis pain model in the rat and that DBPT-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of iNOS/COX-2 protein expression.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.470-474
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• 2009

Achyrantes japonica (AJ) has been used to treat edema and arthritis in the traditional Korean medicine. To elucidate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of ethanol extract of AJ, the carrageenan-induced paw edema using a plethysmometer and thermal hypersensitivity using the plantar test were measured. Ibuprofen was used as a control drug. Treatment with AJ (200mg/kg p.o.) significantly reduced paw edema, compared to the carrageenan - treated rats. In the plantar test, the thermal withdrawal latency in AJ - treated group was significantly increased than the carrageenan - treated group. The results indicate that AJ could have be the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.67-85
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• 2006

Obiecnves : The purpose of this study was to examine the analgesic effect of moxi-tar on a rat model of carrageenan-induced arthritis and the relations between moxi-tar-induced analgesia and endogenous NO and iNOS, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord. Methods : Carrageenan-induced arthritis rat model was used to test the effect of moxi-tar as a chronic pain model. After the induction of arthritis, rats subsequently showed a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for at least the next 4 days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful knee, since oral injection of indomethacin produced temporary improvement of weight bearing. Moxi-tar dissolved in ethyl alcohol was injected several acupoints. After the treatment, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 12 hours. Results : Moxi-tar produced significant improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis lasting at least 9 hours. The magnitude of this improvement was equivalent to that obtained after an oral injection of 3 mg/kg of indomethacin and this improvement of stepping force was interpreted as an analgesic effect. Moxi-tar produced the improvement of stepping force of the affected hindlimb in a dose-dependent manner. Both NO production and iNOS, COX-2 protein expression increased by arthritis were suppressed by moxi-tar. moxi-tar on combination with electroacupuncture (EA) produced more powerful and longer lasting improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis than either moxi-tar or EA did. Conclusion : The present study suggest that moxi-tar produces a potent analgesic effect on the chronic knee arthritis pain model in the rat and that moxi-tar-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of iNOS/COX-2 protein expression.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.61-74
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• 2009

Objectives: The warm needling technique is a method which combines the effects of acupuncture with those of moxibustion. The purpose of this study was to find the stimulus effects of a high frequency warm needling device when stimulating acupoint $LI_4$ on the carrageenan-induced arthritis. Methods: This study was to observe the effects to edema reaction, WBF(weight bearing force), NO concentration, nNOS expression after the electro high frequency stimulus of high frequency warm needling device on LI4 with insulated acupuncture needle. Results: The effect of the high frequency warm needling device is to rise up the temperature in proportion to the current intensity. After stimulating on the acupoint $LI_4$ of the carrageenan-induced arthritis in rats with the high frequency warm needling device, it significantly reduced edema in the rat's foot. In addition, WBF, NO concentration of spinal cord (nmol/mg), and nNOS relative expression were reduced. Conclusions: The above results support the idea that stimulus by the high frequency warm needling device on $LI_4$ produces a potent analgesic effect in the arthritis pain model of the rat. Moreover, stimulus by the high frequency warm needling device modulates endogenous NO through the suppression of nNOS protein expression.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 1998

These studies were conducted to investigate the antiinflammatory effects and the mechanism of action of natural products. We used the methods of "carrageenan induced foot edema" , "PAF (platelet activating factor) induced foot edema" , "inhibition test of vascular permeability" , "inhibition test of white blood cell migration" , "formation of granuloma" and "adjuvant induced arthritis" to examine the antiinflammatory erects of Angelica gigas, Ledebouriella seseloides, Ginkgo biloba and Bamboo salt (Jukyom). The oral administration of the water extract of Angelica gigantis radix, the methanolic extract of Ginkgo folium and the aqueous solution of Bamboo salt showed antiinflammatory effect on carrageenan and PAF induced foot edema in SD rat at a dose of 1 g/kg. The same administration of methanolic extract of Ginkgo folium also inhibited the vascular permeability in mice. The aqueous solution of Bamboo salt inhibited the formation of ganuloma in SD rats at a oral dose of 1 g/kg. Angelica gigantis radix seems to have antiinflammatory effect by inhibition of PAF.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1641-1647
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• 2008

Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glycoside plant compound found in the seeds of rosaceous stone fruits. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of amygdalin, using an in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell line and a rat model with carrageenan-induced ankle arthritis. One mM amygdalin significantly inhibited the expression of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-l$\beta$ mRNAs in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Amygdalin (0.005, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg) was intramuscularly injected immediately after the induction of carrageenan-induced arthritic pain in rats, and the anti-arthritic effect of amygdalin was assessed by measuring the weight distribution ratio of the bearing forces of both feet and the ankle circumference, and by analyzing the expression levels of three molecular markers of pain and inflammation (c-Fos, TNF-$\alpha$, and IL-l$\beta$) in the spinal cord. The hyperalgesia of the arthritic ankle was alleviated most significantly by the injection of 0.005 mg/kg amygdalin. At this dosage, the expressions of c-Fos, TNF-$\alpha$, and IL-l$\beta$ in the spinal cord were significantly inhibited. However, at dosage greater than 0.005 mg/kg, the pain-relieving effect of amygdalin was not observed. Thus, amygdalin treatment effectively alleviated responses to LPS-treatment in RAW 264.7 cells and carrageenan-induced arthritis in rats, and may serve as an analgesic for relieving inflammatory pain.

• The Journal of Traditional Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2006

Objectives: This study was produced to examine the effects of moxibustion that had been played important role to traditional oriental medical treatment on disease. Recently, it was reported that moxi-tar which is generated in the process of moxibustion as burning combustibles decreased nitric oxide(NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) generation in cellular experiments. Methods: Carrageenan-induced arthritis rat model was used to test the effect of moxi-tar as a chronic pain model. Diluted moxi-tar was single injected in several acupoints or combined with electroacupuncture (l ms, 2 Hz, and 2 mA) into contralateral ST36 acupoint for 30 min to assess the synergic effects. After the treatment, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 12 hours. Endogenous NO and iNOS, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord were examined on a rat model of carrageenan-induced arthritis. Results : After the induction of arthritis, rats subsequently showed a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for at least the next 4 days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful knee, since oral injection of indomethacin produced temporary improvement of weight bearing. Maxi-tar produced significant improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis lasting at least 9 hours. The magnitude of this improvement was equivalent to that obtained after an oral injection of 3 mg/kg of indomethacin and this improvement of stepping force was interpreted as an analgesic effect. Maxi-tar produced the improvement of stepping force of the affected hindlimb in a dose-dependent manner. Both NO production and iNOS, COX-2 protein expression increased by arthritis were suppressed by maxi-tar. Moxi-tar on combination with electroacupuncture (EA) produced more powerful and longer lasting improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis than either moxi-tar or EA did. Conclusion : The present study suggest that maxi-tar produces a potent analgesic effect on the chronic knee arthritis pain model in the rat and that moxi-tar-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of iNOS/COX-2 protein expression.