• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.350-362
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• 2021

Objectives: This study investigated an association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and the dietary quality of adults in Deagu, Korea. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted in 1,022 adults aged 19 ~ 49 years (502 men and 520 women) in the Deagu area of Korea. Daily intake of SSB was obtained by the food frequency questionnaire, and the dietary quality was assessed using the nutrition quotient (NQ) for Korean adults. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between dietary quality and daily intake of SSB in adults. Results: Daily intake of SSB was 463.6 mL/d for total subjects, and the highest intakes were sweetened coffees (192.7 mL/d), followed by carbonated drinks (77.1 mL/d). Higher intake of SSB was associated with higher intake frequency of fast food or sweet and greasy bread, processed beverage, ramyon, eating out or delivery food and night snack, and also associated with lower frequency of water, breakfast intake and nutrition label checking in men or women. Men and women who had a higher intake SSB had significantly greater odds for being in the low grade of NQ (P for trend = 0.0006 for men, P for trend = 0.0007 for women), especially in the moderation factor (P for trend < 0.0001 for men and women). Conclusions: This study showed that high SSB intake was significantly associated with low dietary quality among adults. These study results suggest that nutrition education programs and guidelines should be provided to adults for improving their consumption of SSB and related diets.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.89-109
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• 2019

Purpose - We perform an empirical analysis of the effects of global consumer culture positioning (GCCP) in TV advertisements on consumer's brand evaluations (perceived quality, perceived price, and brand prestige) and attitude toward brand. Also, we analyze the moderating roles of consumer characteristics (ethnocentrism and level of product knowledge) in those effects. Design/methodology - This research is based on a survey of 210 randomly-selected university students in Seoul, Korea. The participants in the survey were shown a total of 8 TV advertisements of consumer goods of nondurable goods (fast food and carbonated drinks), and durable goods (sports shoes and digital camera), which included two advertisements for each product where one uses GCCP strategy while another uses LCCP strategy. We estimate the structural model using the AMOS 18.0 computer program. Findings - We find that GCCP has more positive effects on consumers' brand evaluations and attitude toward brand than LCCP in TV advertising. We also find that GCCP has stronger effects on brand evaluation and attitude toward brand in consumers with weak ethnocentrism and in those with a low level of product knowledge. Practical implications - Using GCCP in an advertisement is an effective way of improving consumer's evaluation of the brand and attitude toward the brand mainly when cosmopolitan consumers and consumers with low knowledge levels are segmented as targets. Originality/value - The study contributes to identify how and for what consumer groups' global brand positioning strategies in TV advertisements affect consumers' brand evaluations and their attitudes toward brands.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.757-764
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits and demand for nutrition service of university dormitory residents. Out of 450 questionnaires distributed to the undergraduate and graduate students residing in a university dormitory, 335(74.4%) returned and 265(58.8%) were analyzed. The analyzed sample included 140 males(52.8%) and 125 females(47.2%). The number of undergraduate and graduate students were 183(69.1%) and 82(30.9%), respectively. Male and undergraduate students tend to more frequently use dormitory foodservice than the respective counterpart. About 21% of respondents skipped breakfast everyday and almost 2/3 of respondents skipped breakfast more often than $3{\sim}4$ times a week. The most often chosen reason for skipping meals was 'lack of time' for lunch and dinner as well as breakfast. Graduate students tend to drink coffee more often than undergraduate students. Male students were more likely to drink carbonated drinks and alcohol compared with female students. Over half(59%) of respondents were taking multivitamins and mineral supplements. About 80% of respondents perceived their health average or above. New residents having moved in to the dormitory less than a semester before tend to perceive their heath status worse than the residents having lived longer in the dormitory. The demand for nutrition service was high as shown by the high percentage of respondents willingness to receive the service: 76% for nutrition assessment service and 63% for nutrition counseling service. Such demand did not differ between males and female respondents. However, graduate students were more willing to participate in nutrition counseling service than undergraduates.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2005

This study was conducted to develop and evaluate food menus after investigating eating behaviors and food preferences of preschool children. Parents of the preschool children In 2 Gumi City day-care centers completed questionnaires in July 2003, which were used to assess eating behaviors and food preferences of their preschool children. Analysis of the questionnaires led to the development of the menus. Menus (n=10) were developed for five different categories (two menus were developed for each category) including general menu, unbalanced menu, anemia menu, obese menu, and traditional menu. The preschool children(n=656) evaluated the menus as they were provided with each them throughout October 2003. The five score scale method was used to evaluate taste, smell, looks, texture and general preference of each menu. Results in eating behaviors showed that 70.7% of preschool children had unbalanced eating behaviors. No gender based differences in eating behaviors were found, but in regard to food preferences boys tended to prefer carbonated drinks more than girls. Results indicated that among all menus, fruit ranked highest $(3.97{\pm}0.65)$ for food preference, and vegetables ranked lowest for food preference $(2.46{\pm}0.68)$. Food preference in regard to cooking process indicated the highest preference was for fried foods $(3.80{\pm}0.68)$ and the lowest preference was for raw vegetables $(2.61{\pm}1.27)$ and namul $(2.85{\pm}1.13)$. Preference for taste ranked the highest $(4.30{\pm}0.91)$ but preference for looks recorded the lowest $(3.95{\pm}0.89)$. Of all the foods in the menus, steamed tofu rated the highest for individual food item preference, while tuna sesame leaf rice rated the lowest preference. Statistical analysis of interrelationships among food taste, smell, looks, texture and general preference were significant (p<0.0l). Results from this study suggest that various factors including food taste, smell, looks, and texture influence the food preferences of preschool children. Therefore, it is concluded that by developing a variety of appetizing menus for use at home and in day-care centers, containing varied food items and cooking methods, preschool children will be encouraged to increase their food preferences and to establish appropriate eating behaviors.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권sup권
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• pp.9-21
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• 2007

This study aimed to assess the total sugar intake for Korean and to identify major food sources contributing to those food components. Korean adults aged over 20 years old from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2001 and 2002 were selected. The data were analyzed to obtain nationally and seasonally representative information on the health and nutritional status of the Korean. Forty food groups were used in identifying food sources of total sugar and energy intake. Total sugar contents of foods in the KNHANES data sets were estimated by food code matching technique with Release 18 of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated using SAS and SUDAAN. The mean total sugar intake of the Korean was 60.3g in 2001, 40.9g in spring 2002, 45.7g in summer 2002, and 52.1g in fall 2002, which were 30-44% of intake of US people. Fresh fruit was identified as the most significant food source for total sugar intake in Korean population in all age groups and all seasons. The next major food sources following fresh fruits were candy/jelly/syrup/honey, coffee/coffee caream, vegetables, Kimchi, soft drinks, milk, fruit juice, cookie/cracker/cake, and vegetable juice/grain juice, which showed similar results through the seasons. While carbonated soft drink was the most significant food sources for total sugar or added sugar intakes for US people. The total sugar intakes were significantly higher in women, higher educational level, and residing in metropolitan area. As intake of total sugar increased, intakes of protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, Vit A, B1, B2, C, niacin showed significantly increased, while high intakes of added sugars showed low intakes of some micronutrients in the US people. Percentages of people who consumed nutrients below EAR were less in higher total sugar intake group than in lower intake group. From these results, we can conclude that the food consumption habits including the total sugar intake of Korean people seems relatively good so far. More reliable database of total sugar and added sugar composition tables in public domain should be established in the future, and also more researches about total sugar and added sugar for Koreans should be continued.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.259-271
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits and daily intake of nutrients in college students. This survey was conducted using a self-administered questionaire. The average heights and weights were 173.5 cm and 72.3 kg of male students and 161.8 cm and 57.2 kg of female students. The average of BMI was $24.2kg/m^2$ of male and $21.9kg/m^2$ of female, and the value of male students was higher than the value of female students. The response to the daily meals was 54.6% for '$2{\sim}3$ times/week'. The regularity of mealtime was 41.7% for irregular and the frequency eating after nine was 45.7% for '5-6 times/week', respectively. The repast was 72.2% for 'overeating and little eating' and was a significant difference of male and female students (p<0.05). The eating rate was higher '$10{\sim}20min$'. As for breakfast food eaten, skipping breakfast was 23.6% for 'no/week' and female students were higher than male students (p<0.05). The frequency of snacks was 36.0% for 'nothing' of males students and 34.8% for '3-4 times/week' of female students (p<0.05). The type of snack was a significant difference of males and females students (p<0.01), and was the highest 75.0% for carbonated drinks of males and 37.5% for snacks of females. The eating due to stress solution was a significant difference of male and female students (p<0.01), and was the highest 23.0% for 'frequency' of males and 44.7% for 'sometime' of females. As for food intake of male and female students, the meat intake was 66.7% for 'everything of male and female students. The fish intake was 68.1 % for '1-2times/week'. The milk, milk products, eggs and beans were each 40.3%, 58.3%, 56.9%, 47.2% for '1-2 times/week' (p<0.05). The fat intake was 55.6% for '$1{\sim}2$ times/week'. The average consumption of energy was 58% of male and 67% of female of estimated energy requirement (EER). Their mean ratio of carbohydrate: protein: fat was 57 : 15 : 28 of all subjects. The mean intakes of vitamin C and folic acid were 70% and 51% of males and 62% and 52% of females of recommended intake (RI). The mean intakes of Ca, P, Fe and Na were 71%, 140%, 146% of males and 72%, 122%, 76% of female of RI and 273% of males and 233% of females of adequate intake (AI). Therefore, nutritional education is necessary for college students to establish physicall and mentall optimal health conditions though nutritional intervention.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

치아침식증은 경조직의 비가역적 소실을 야기하는 다인자성 질환이다. 최근 많은 연구자들이 이 질환에 주목하고 있으나, 국내에서는 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 이 연구는 양산시 8~9세 어린이 664명의 치아침식증 유병률을 조사하고, 관련된 위험요인을 성별, 돌보는 사람의 유형, 식이 습관 및 구강 위생 습관, 그리고 치아침식증에 대한 보호자의 지식 정도의 측면에서 분석하였다. 그 결과, 치아침식증은 242명에서 관찰되었다. 탄산음료는 선호도, 섭취 빈도, 섭취 방법에서 치아침식증과 연관성이 있었고(p < 0.05), 과일주스는 선호도와 섭취 빈도에서 연관성이 있었으나(p < 0.05), 섭취 방법에서는 연관성이 없었다(p > 0.05). 또한 성별, 돌보는 사람의 유형, 구강 위생 습관, 보호자의 지식 정도는 치아침식증과 연관성이 없었다(p > 0.05). 결론적으로 어린이의 치아침식증 예방을 위해서는 이에 대한 교육뿐만 아니라, 행동으로 이어지도록 하는 동기부여가 필요할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.440-448
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• 2013

전국 대표성 있는 표본조사인 청소년건강행태온라인조사를 활용하여 청소년의 스트레스와 구강건강관련 행태의 관련성을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 스트레스를 '대단히 많이' 또는 '많이' 느끼는 학생은 전체의 41.9%이며, 80% 이상이 스트레스를 경험하였다. 둘째, 경제상태가 상위계층일수록 연간 구강진료 경험, 간식 후 칫솔질, 잠자기 전 칫솔질 실천 가능성이 유의하게 높았다. 또한 어머니의 교육수준, 가족풍요도 척도가 높을수록 과일, 채소반찬, 우유의 섭취빈도, 연간 구강진료 경험이 높았다. 셋째, 스트레스가 높은 청소년은 과일, 채소반찬, 우유섭취 실천 가능성이 유의하게 낮았고, 탄산음료, 패스트푸드, 과자섭취는 유의하게 증가하였다. 또한 간식 후 칫솔질, 잠자기 전 칫솔질 실천 가능성이 유의하게 낮았다. 청소년의 구강건강에 위험요인으로 작용하는 생활습관들을 개선하는 데 있어 스트레스와 같은 사회심리적인 부분도 고려되어야 할 것이다. 또한 과도한 스트레스는 청소년의 부정적인 식습관을 조장하게 되므로, 청소년들의 적절한 스트레스 관리를 도모하고 과일이나 야채 등 섬유소가 풍부한 식품, 치아의 경조직 석회화를 촉진시키는 우유 및 유제품을 권장하며, 점착도가 높은 우식성 식품섭취는 감소시키기 위한 노력이 필요하다. 더불어 간식섭취 후 칫솔질 실천율은 21%로 낮아 이에 대한 교육도 강화할 필요가 있다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.263-273
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of individual fatty acid intake and to compare serum lipid levels and total serum fatty acid composition of high school students in Seoul (total : 234 ; male : 91 ; female : 143) In serum lipid levels, total cholesterol (Chol.), HDL-Chol. and LDL-Chol. levels of female students were significantly higher than those of male students and there was no significant difference between High Fish ＆ Low Meat intake (HFLM) and Low Fish ＆ High Meat intake (LFHM) groups. The average fat intake was 22-25 energy % of total subjects and especially, that of LFHM group was 29%, which were over the recommendation level. Although the average P/M/S ratio of dietary fat was 1.1/1.2/1.0, the average range of $\omega6/\omega3$ fatty acid ratio of dietary fat was found to be 17.9-20.7, which was far beyond the suggested range, 4-10. The average intake of cholesterol of total subjects was 360mg. LFHM group had more meats and beverages such as carbonated drinks and tended to have less beans, vegetables and mushrooms. In addition, LFHM group had more energy and fat intake than those of HFLM group, the P/S ratio of dietary fat (0.73) was lower than the recommended ratio. Serum C16 : 0 composition of LFHM group was significantly higher than that of HFLM group, and EPA and DHA composition of HFLM was significantly lower than that of LFHM. Therefore, in HFLM group, the P/S ratio of serum fatty acids was significantly higher and the $\omega6/\omega3$ ratio was lower. Dietary C18 : 0 was negatively correlated with serum EPA and DHA composition. Individual PUFA intake was negatively correlated with serum C16 : 0 and sum of SFA, and positively correlated with serum C18 : $2\omega6(LA)\;,\;sum\;o;\omega6$ and sum of PUFA. Serum C18 : 1, C18 : $3\omega3\; and\; C20\;:\;4\omega6$ (AA) compositions were not correlated with dietary fatty acid. Only serum triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly correlated with serum fatty acid compositions. Sum of SFA, C14 : 0, C16 : 0, sum of MUFA and C18 : 1 compositions were positively correlated with serum TG levels, but LA, AA, sum of PUFA and P/S ratio were negatively correlated with it.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.561-572
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• 2008

최근 우리나라는 어린이를 중심으로 급격한 식생활 변화(nutrition transition)를 겪고 있으며, 이로 인해 나트륨, 당류, 지방 및 포화지방산의 섭취 증가로 인한 질병 발생 위험이 높아질 것으로 우려되고 있다. 현재의 영양표시가 어린이들이 이해하기에 어려운 측면이 있어 건강에 좋은 식품의 섭취를 진작시키기 어려운 상황이다. 본 연구는 어린이들이 보다 건강에 좋은 식품을 선택하는 정보를 쉽게 제공하기 위하여 어린이 기호식품의 영양위해성분(당, 나트륨 및 지방류)의 함량에 따라 고, 중, 저로 표시하는 영양기준(안)을 설정하는데 목표를 두었다. 국내는 물론 제외국의 영양섭취기준, 영양표시를 위한 일일 영양소 기준치, 영양소함량강조 표시, 영국의 GDA(guideline daily amounts)와 신호등표시제, 식사지침 및 영양소섭취량 자료들을 검토 및 비교하였고, 제외국 어린이의 기호식품과 가공식품의 영양위해성분 영양기준 자료를 수집 및 평가하였다. 이를 바탕으로 하여 어린이 기호식품과 가공식품 중의 영양위해성분을 선정하고 고, 중, 저로 표시하는 영양기준 근거를 마련하였다. 또한 서울지역 11개 중학교와 10개 고등학교 내 판매식품 가공식품에 대한 현황 조사와 1,812명의 청소년을 대상으로 한 섭취실태 조사를 통해 다소비가공식품을 선정하였으며, 145개의 대표 가공식품을 본 연구에서 제안하는 영양기준안에 따라 분류하였다. 그 중 85개가 고지방식품으로 분류된 반면에 11개만이 고나트륨식품으로 분류되었다. 그러나 본 연구에서 제시한 영양기준안과 분량의 기준단위에 대한 타당성을 검증하기 위하여 더 많은 식품들에 대해 시뮬레이션 등의 검토가 필요하며, 산업체 등 이해당사자들의 의견 수렴 과정을 거쳐 현실적인 영양기준안으로 다듬어져야 할 것이다.