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Effects of Water Activity on Microbial Growth in Herb Extract (생약제 농축액에서 미생물 성장에 대한 수분활성도의 영향)

  • 곽이성;신현주;주종재
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.77-82
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    • 1998
  • As a fundermental research for quality stailization of herb extract, the effects of water activity on microbial growth in herb extract were investigated. Herbs-Panax ginseng, Cinnamomum cassia, Lycium chinense, Zyzyphus jujuba, Lindera obtusilobum-were mixed and extracted with water at $80^{\circ}C$ and concentrated at $75^{\circ}C$. Water activity of the herb extract was adjusted to 0.86, 0.80 and 0.69, using water activity analyzer. The extracts were incubated for 180 days at $40^{\circ}C$ and then examined microbial cell counts and some physicochemical properties. In the extract of $a_{w}$ 0.86, 18 CFU/g of initial viable cell was increased to 80 CFU/g with 90 days of incubation and to 190 CFU/g 180 days of incubation. In the extract of $a_{w}$ 0.80, 24 CFU/g of initial viable cell was also increased to 83 CFU/g during the 90 days of incubation and to 170 CFU/ g for the 180 days of incubation. However, in the extract of $a_{w}$ 0.69, viable cell after 180 days of incubation was remained at almost the same level as initial viable cell. pH of herb extract was reduced in proportion to the decrease in water activity. The TLC (thin layer chromatography) patterns of ginseng saponins of herb extract did not show any significant changes after 180 days of incubation. Growth of pathogenic microorganisms was inhibited more with lower water activity of the herb extracts. In the herb extract inoculated with Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, initial viable cells of 150 and 140 CFU/g were decreased to 30 and 20 CFU/g, repectively, after 30 days of incubation at $28^{\circ}C$. In the case of herb extract inoculated with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, growth of the bacteria was totally inhibited even after 30 days of incubation at $37^{\circ}C$.

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Antimicrobial Effect of Red Ginseng Against Major Food Poisoning Microorganisms Including Staphylococcus aureus (황색포도상구균을 포함한 식중독 미생물들에 대한 홍삼의 항균효과)

  • Kwak, Yi-Seong;Jung, Myung-Gyun;Jang, Kyoung-Hwa;Han, Min-Woo;Yu, Byeung-Il
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.382-390
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    • 2020
  • This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) against several foodborne pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The antimicrobial effect was determined by agar diffusion method using red ginseng extract, crude saponin and non-water-soluble fractions. Red ginseng extract showed antimicrobial effect against S. aureus, but not C. albicans or A. niger. The extract showed anti-bacterial activity at concentration above 30% against S. aureus, which cause both food poisoning and atophic dermatitis. Crude saponin showed antibacterial activity above 7.5% against the bacterium. However, the ginsenosides purified from crude saponin showed no antimicrobial activities at 100-200 ㎍/mL. To investigate the mode of growth inhibition, red ginseng extract and crude saponin were added to 0.85% NaCl solution containing S. aureus and then incubated at 35℃ for 12 h. The results showed that viable cells were rapidly reduced in above 10% concentration of red ginseng extract and above 2% of crude saponin, respectively. However, the crude saponin and red ginseng extract did not inhibit the bacterial cells completely at those same concentrations. On the other hand, whereas all non-water-soluble fractions showed inhibition zones above 10 mm against S. aureus, they showed no inhibition effects against E. coli, C. albicans or A. niger. The methanol fraction-1 (MF-1) showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus, and the MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) was 0.625 mg/mL. These results suggest that red ginseng extract, crude saponin and non-water-soluble fractions show selective antibacterial activity against S. aureus, and non-water-soluble fractions might be used as natural antibacterial agents.

Antioxidative, Antimicrobial and Anticytotoxic Activities of Seungmagalgeuntang and Fermented Seungmagalgeuntang (승마갈근탕과 발효 승마갈근탕에 의한 항산화, 항미생물 및 항세포독성 효과)

  • In, Jae Pyung;Shin, Jung Mi;Hur, Sun Jin;Lee, Si Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.43 no.7
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    • pp.980-988
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    • 2014
  • Seungmagalgeuntang (SG) is broadly used in traditional Oriental medicine especially in Korea, China, and Japan, for its many pharmacological effects. This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidative, antimicrobial, and anticytotoxic activities of SG and fermented seungmagalgeuntang (FSG). DPPH radical scavenging activities of SG and FSG were 70% and 74%, respectively, which increased slightly by fermentation. Nitrite scavenging activities were strongly altered at pH 1.2, (36.4% in SG and 38.3% in FSG) by addition of $200{\mu}g/g$. Superoxide dismutase-like activities were from 21.5% to 23.3% at a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, and the highest value were observed in FSG. Total flavonoid contents of SG and FSG were 47.1 and $52.1{\mu}g/L$, respectively which shows an increase upon fermentation. In the antimicrobial activity test, $MIC_{50}$ values of SG and FSG were $800{\mu}g/mL$ for Candida albicans and 3,200 and $1,600{\mu}g/mL$ for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Antibacterial effects were higher in FSG compared to SG. Anticytotoxic cadmium toxicities ranged from 63.5% to 76.1% at $10{\mu}g/mL$ of SG and FSG, and the highest value was observed in FSG. In the sensory evaluation, color, flavor, and overall preference values were higher in FSG.

Changes in isoflavone content and quality characteristics of Cheonggukjang prepared with Bacillus subtilis HJ18-3 and KACC 15935 (Bacillus subtilis HJ18-3과 KACC 15935를 이용하여 제조한 청국장의 품질특성과 isoflavone 함량의 변화)

  • Lee, Kyung Ha;Choi, Hye Sun;Choi, Yoon Hee;Park, Shin Young;Song, Jin
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.121-128
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    • 2014
  • This study was conducted in order to investigate the change of isoflavone composition (glycoside and bio-active aglycone), and to evaluate the quality characteristics of Cheonggukjang, which was prepared by different bacillus strains. After the 48-hour fermentation, the contents of daidzein, genistein, and glycitein in the Bacillus subtilis HJ18-3 have significantly increased up to approximately $89.06{\pm}3.59$, $10.36{\pm}0.28$, and $101.37{\pm}3.67ug/g$, respectively. The contents of daidzein, genistein, and glycitein in the Bacillus subtilis KACC 15935 were $38.88{\pm}5.39$, $12.58{\pm}2.14$, and $80.13{\pm}0.71ug/g$, respectively. The original content of daidzein was 3.96 ug/g, while genistein and glycitein were not measured. However, the contents of daidzen and genistein in HJ18-3 and in KACC 15935 were decreased. The ${\alpha}$-Amylase and cellulase activities of Chungkookjang in HJ18-3 were higher than in the KACC 15935. The contents of Chungkookjang in HJ18-3 were $29.70{\pm}11.66$ and $4861.3{\pm}388.07unit/g$, respectively. The amino type nitrogen contents and ammonia type nitrogen contents of Chungkookjang in KACC 15935 were higher than in the HJ18-3. These results suggested that it could be used to increase the bioactivity via fermentation with the Bacillus subtilis possessing a ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity with a view towards the development of functional foods.

Antimicrobial and Hemolytic Activity of Oriental Medicinal Herbs (한약재의 항균 활성 및 인간 적혈구 용혈 활성)

  • Ryu, Hee-Young;Ahn, Seon-Mi;Shin, Yong-Kyu;Sohn, Ho-Yong
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.38 no.2
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    • pp.190-197
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    • 2010
  • To develop the safe and natural antimicrobial agents, the 68 ethanol extracts from the 61 different kinds of oriental herbal medicine were prepared and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated. The herbal medicine used were from China (46 kinds), South Korea (14 kinds), North Korea (5 kinds) and Vietnam (3 kinds), respectively, and the root (27 species) was popular part in this study. The average water content and extraction ratio for ethanol were 7.10% and 6.75%, respectively. Determination of antimicrobial activity by disc-diffusion assay at 0.5 mg/disc concentration showed that the extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai (china), Illicium verum, Junci medulla, Rhus javanica L., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Syzygium aromaticum has strong antimicrobial activities against different food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Determination of MIC and MBC/MFC further showed that the extract of Syzygium aromaticum has MIC of 1.25 mg/mL and MBC/MFC of 1.25~5.00 mg/mL against Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. And, the extract of Junci medulla, Rhus javanica L. and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge showed strong antibacterial activities with MIC of 0.08~0.63 mg/mL and MBC/MFC of 0.08~2.50 mg/mL against the tested bacteria except E. coli and P. aeruginosa. In a while, the results of hemolytic activity of 68 different herbal extracts against human red blood cells showed that the extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai has hemolytic activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration. Therefore, Illicium verum, Junci medulla, Rhus javanica L., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Syzygium aromaticum were finally selected for natural antimicrobial resources. Further research on active substances and the mode of action of the selected herbal medicine is necessary.

Antifungal effects of synthetic human β-defensin 3-C15 peptide

  • Lim, Sang-Min;Ahn, Ki-Bum;Kim, Christine;Kum, Jong-Won;Perinpanayagam, Hiran;Gu, Yu;Yoo, Yeon-Jee;Chang, Seok Woo;Han, Seung Hyun;Shon, Won-Jun;Lee, Woocheol;Baek, Seung-Ho;Zhu, Qiang;Kum, Kee-Yeon
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • v.41 no.2
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    • pp.91-97
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    • 2016
  • Objectives: The purpose of this ex vivo study was to compare the antifungal activity of a synthetic peptide consisting of 15 amino acids at the C-terminus of human ${\beta}$-defensin 3 (HBD3-C15) with calcium hydroxide (CH) and Nystatin (Nys) against Candida albicans (C. albicans) biofilm. Materials and Methods: C. albicans were grown on cover glass bottom dishes or human dentin disks for 48 hr, and then treated with HBD3-C15 (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, and $300{\mu}g/mL$), CH ($100{\mu}g/mL$), and Nys ($20{\mu}g/mL$) for 7 days at $37^{\circ}C$. On cover glass, live and dead cells in the biomass were measured by the FilmTracer Biofilm viability assay, and observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). On dentin, normal, diminished and ruptured cells were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results were subjected to a two-tailed t-test, a one way analysis variance and a post hoc test at a significance level of p = 0.05. Results: C. albicans survival on dentin was inhibited by HBD3-C15 in a dose-dependent manner. There were fewer aggregations of C. albicans in the groups of Nys and HBD3-C15 (${\geq}100{\mu}g/mL$). CLSM showed C. albicans survival was reduced by HBD3-C15 in a dose dependent manner. Nys and HBD3-C15 (${\geq}100{\mu}g/mL$) showed significant fungicidal activity compared to CH group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Synthetic HBD3-C15 peptide (${\geq}100{\mu}g/mL$) and Nys exhibited significantly higher antifungal activity than CH against C. albicans by inhibiting cell survival and biofilm.

Antimicrobial Activities of Natural Medicinal Herbs on the Food Spoilage or Foodborne Disease Microorganisms (식품부패 및 병원성미생물에 대한 천연약용식물 추출물의 항균효과)

  • Oh, Deog-Hwan;Ham, Seung-Shi;Park, Boo-Kil;Ahn, Cheol;Yu, Jin-Young
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.957-963
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    • 1998
  • Several medicinal herbs, which are nontoxic and have been used widely in traditional folk medicine, were extracted and antimicrobial activity of the extracts was investigated against various foodborne pathogens or food poisioning microorganisms. The ethanol extract of Sansa, Hwangryun, Cheukbaek, and Seokchangpo showed strong antimicrobial activities against Gram postive and Gram negative bacteria, whereas those of Sakunja, Sukjihwang and Baekji had little antimicrobial activities on microorganisms tested. Among medicinal herb extracts, ethanol extract of Coptis chinensis Franch (hwangryun) showed the strongest antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Coptis chinensis Franch was not destroyed by heating at $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min and at $121^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, which is very stable over heat. The pH effect on minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extract of Coptis chinensis Franch indicated that MIC was reduced with increasing the pH value of the medium. The inhibitory effect of partially purified substance from the ethanol extract of Coptis chinensis Franch on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. Growth of those strains occurred at the concentration of $100{\;}{\mu}g/mL$ and were inhibited at $500{\;}{\mu}g/mL$, whereas those strains was completely inactivated in the presence of $1000{\;}{\mu}g/mL$.

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Studies on Chronic Mastitis of Dairy Cattle in Taegu-Kyungpook Provinces (대구(大邱).경북지방(慶北地方)에서 문제되는 젖소의 만성(慢性) 유방염(乳房炎)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Bong Hwan;Park, Hoo Yhul;Chang, In Ho
    • Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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    • v.2
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    • pp.115-121
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    • 1984
  • Some investigations on chronic mastitis in dairy cattle in Taegu-Kyungpook Provinces from the beginning of October, 1984 till the end of August, 1985 were conducted with the particular regard to the causative agents and their drug susceptibility. Milk samples from 83 isolated cases of chronic mastitis cattle were investigated bacteriologically and the causative organisms recovered were examined for their antibiotic susceptibility by using disc diffusion susceptibility technique against the major antibiotics of current veterinary use. Major causative agents involved in chronic mastitis in Taegu-Kyungpook Provinces were in order of prevalence Staphylococcus spp. (48.2 %), Escherichia coli (18.1 %), Candida spp. (10.8 %) and Corynebacterium spp. (8.4 %), Streptococcus agalactiae (3.6 %), Bacillus cereus (3.6 %) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.4 %) were found to be one of the minor agents. The majority of staphylococcal isolates and E. coli were highly resistant to the most antibiotics tested. The percentages of staphylococcal cultures resistant to penicillin, methicillin, lincomycin, novobiocin, ampicillin and tetracycline were 87.2 %, 78.7 %, 68.1 %, 61.7% and 57.4 %, respectively, while the majority of them were susceptible to gentamicin(78.7 %), cephalothin(76.6 %) and chloramphenicol (74.5%). E. coli isolates were found to be highly resistant to streptomycin, cephalothin, tetracycline and ampicillin while the majority of them were susceptible to colistin (83.3 %), gentamicin (77.8 %) and chloramphenicol (66.7 %). Corynebacterium spp. were susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, oleandomycin and tetracycline although they showed resistance to novobiocin and penicillin. Two cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from mastitis milk were highly resistant to the antibiotics employed in the present study.

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Effect of antioxidation and antibacterial activity on crude extract and Characterization of American Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana L.) in Korea (국내 서식 미국바퀴(Periplaneta americana L.)의 특성 및 추출물의 항산화·항균 효과)

  • Kim, Jung-Eun;Kim, Seon-Gon;Kang, Sung-Ju;Kim, Chun-Sung;Choi, Yong-Soo
    • Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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    • v.53 no.2
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    • pp.135-142
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    • 2015
  • The American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana L. was the most important worldwide pest species. It has been an public health problems. We were determinated life cycle and extraction of crude extracts by chemical reagents from cockraches (P. americana L.). The extracted crude solution has been antibacterial activity to gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, $6.44{\pm}1.03mm$), gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, $1.88{\pm}0.40mm$), and fungus (Candida albicans, $5.61{\pm}0.57mm$) using radial diffusion assay. We were analysed of up-regulation of Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) stimulation, indicating that antioxidantial protein from various classes are simultaneously expressed in a single insect upon infection or injury. The gene from Periplaneta americana L. were cloned, analysed sequence, and measured protein expression by Real Time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction).

Isolation of Wild Yeasts from Freshwaters and Soils in Nonsan Stream and Sapgyoho in Chungcheongnam-do, Korea, and Microbiological Characteristics of the Unrecorded Wild Yeasts (충남 논산천과 삽교호로부터 야생효모의 분리 및 국내 미기록 효모들의 균학적 특성)

  • Jang, Ji-Eun;Park, Seon-Jeong;Moon, Jeong-Su;Lee, Hyang Burm;Lee, Jong-Soo
    • The Korean Journal of Mycology
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    • v.49 no.3
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    • pp.337-349
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    • 2021
  • This study aimed to isolate wild yeasts from water and soil sample of the Nonsan stream and Sapgyoho (lake) in Chungcheonnam-do, Korea, and to further characterize previously unrecorded wild yeast strains. In total, 102 strains, representing 55 different species of wild yeast were isolated from 95 samples collected from the Jangseoncheon and Ipchoncheon of Nonsan stream in Jellabuk-do and Chungcheonnam-do. Among these, 33 strains were isolated from alkalophilic yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD) medium (pH 9.0), and 9 strains were isolated concurrently on general YPD medium (pH 6.5) and alkalophilic medium. Seventeen strains of Cryptococcus laurentii were predominantly isolated. Additionally, 65 strains, representing 27 different species of wild yeast were isolated from 58 samples obtained from Sapgyoho (lake). Among the 82 isolated wild yeast strains, 8 strains, including Candida fructus JSC 72-1(JSL-GGU 015), had not previously been recorded. All 8 previously unrecorded yeasts were oval in shape except C. fructus JSC72-1(JSL-GGU-015), and only the Filobasidium chernovii JSC39-1(JSL-GGU-013) strain formed spores. All strains except Pseudosydowia eucalypti JSC23-6(JSL-GGU-012) grew well in yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD) and yeast extract-malt extract media and grew in vitamin-free medium. Four strains, including P.eucalypti JSC23-6(JSL-GGU-012) grew well in 15% NaCl-containing YPD medium. F.chernovii JSC39-1(JSL-GGU-013) and Sirobasidium intermedium JSC7-3(JSL-GGU-014) assimilated lactose, and five strains, including F. chernovii JSC39-1(JSL-GGU-013) also assimilated starch. All strains were resistant to 800 ppm of Ca, Cu, Li, and Mg ions.