• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.629-633
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• 2006

Pinus rigida Miller leaf extract (PRLE) showed antimicrobial activity remarkably against food pathogenic and spoilage bacteria at concentrations of $100{\sim}250{\mu}g/mL$. Alcohol-soluble PRLE had higher antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E-coli than any other-soluble PRLE such as butanol, ethyl acetate, ether and water. As PRLE concentration increased alcohol-soluble PRLE increased the remarkable inhibitory zone of microbial growth on the microbial media. PRLE showed good stability against temperature and pH in the range of $40{\sim}150^{\circ}C$ and $4{\sim}11$, respectively. This may indicate that PRLE can be a potential anti-microbial agent for industrial application. In addition, SEM of Listeria monocytogenes suggested that it antimicrobial component would perturb the functions of microbial cell membranes synergistically. In the feeding experiment the formaldehyde content in the serum of formalin-fed and PRLE-treated me decreased remarkably due to the lysis of formaldehyde and the rate of hemoglobin biosynthesis was recovered to the orignal state within a short breeding time.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.208-214
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• 2010

In the presence of alcohol, phospholipase D (PLD) is known to perform transphosphatidylation activity, during which the overall reaction rate of PLD increased. To elucidate the reaction mechanism of transphosphatidylation further, we investigated rate constants of transphosphatidylation reaction of the purified ${\alpha}$-type PLD from cabbage in the presence of various alcohols. The second-oder rate constants of PLD transphosphatidylation showed a large increase with the primary alcohols examined as expected. In the case of butanol we observed the second-oder rate constant of $33.33{\pm}1.33M^{-1}sec^{-1}$. This second-order rate constant of transphosphatidylation was as 400 times greater as the second-order hydrolysis rate constant of $0.078M^{-1}sec^{-1}$ which was adjusted for the water concentration. A linear free energy relationship between the $pK_a$ of alcohol and transphosphatidylation rate gives a Br${\o}$nsted slope of ${\beta}_{nu}$ = 0.12 ${\pm}$ 0.03. This small ${\beta}_{nu}$ value implicates that the transition state of break down of phosphatidyl-enzyme intermediate (E-P) is likely dissociative. Finally, a reaction mechanism of cabbage PLD is suggested on the basis of our results presented here and the histidine residue known to be located in the active site of cabbage PLD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1433-1438
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of internal organs of Aplysia kurodai (AK). The internal organs of AK were extracted with methanol (AKM), which was then further fractionated into four subfractions by using solvent partition method, affording hexane (AKMH), methanol (AKMM), butanol (AKMB), and aqueous (AKMA) soluble fractions. The antioxidative activity of fractions from AK was investigated by measuring the scavenging activities of AK against DPPH radical, peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Among the various solvent fractions, AKMB showed a marked scavenging effect against DPPH radical, peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The antimicrobial activity was increased in proportion to its concentration by the paper disk method. Among the various solvent fractions, AKMM fractions of AK showed the strongest antimicrobial activities. The methanol extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against all organisms tested, while the hexane extracts showed antimicrobial activity only against Proteus vulgaris. The results suggest that the AK may be suitable for development as a food preservative and alternative antioxidant.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1665-1672
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• 2012

An 80% ethanol extract of Hizikia fusiforme was obtained and followed by successive fractionation using the organic solvents n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol to identify the antioxidative substance. The aqueous part of the nbutanol fractionation step, showing high antioxidative activity, was subjected to reverse-phase liquid chromatography. As a result, a substance purified from a BB-2 fraction showed high antioxidative activity. The m/z 419 [M+H] molecular ion peak in the fraction was observed by the analysis of the ESI-LC/MS spectrum. By the analysis of 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-$d_6$) and $^{13}C$ NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-$d_6$) spectra, a unique compound of the fraction was biochemically identified as a 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone (5HHMF). We also investigated the effect of 5HHMF on human gastric AGS carcinoma cells. Western blot analysis suggested that the flavone substantially increased the levels of the death receptor-associated apoptosis mediators Fas, Fas L, FADD, TRADD, and DR4 in a concentration-dependent manner. The levels of Fas, Fas L, TRADD, and DR4 in the cells treated with 5HHMF ($5{\mu}g/ml$) were approximately 26.4-, 12.8-, 6.7-, and 9.8-times higher than those of non-treated cells, respectively. Of note, the level of FADD protein in the cells exposed to 5HHMF ($1{\mu}g/ml$) increased approximately 9.6-times. In addition, the cleavage of caspase-3, -8, and -9 in cultured AGS cells treated with 5HHMF was significantly confirmed. Therefore, our results suggest that 5HHMF from H. fusiforme is involved in the induction of death receptor-associated apoptosis mediators in human gastric AGS carcinoma cells.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.463-469
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activities of Dansam (S. miltiorrhiza). The Dansam (S. miltiorrhiza) was extracted with ethanol and methanol, and the extracts were fractionated with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol and water, in that order. The antioxidant activities of Dansam (S. miltiorrhiza) were determined by measuring the radical scavenging effects, using the 1, l-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method. The electron donating ability was shown to be about 50% (IC50) at concentration of L-ascorbic acid, Dansam that reflected eliminatory effect by 50% were 9.48$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 8.28$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, and l2.59$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ respectively. According to the results of the above anti oxidation experiments, those for the group with the added Dansam showed a decreased oxidation, but the antioxidation increased with time. With a storage temperature of 60 C for 5 days, the acid value for the relative antioxidant activities were higher than in the Control group. The peroxide values for the relative antioxidant activities were also higher than in the Control group. The TBA values for the relative antioxidant activities were higher than in the Control group.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.6 s.90
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• pp.759-768
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• 2005

This study was performed to determine the antioxidative effect of the hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, butanol and water fractions of Ganoderma lucidum extracts on the inhibition of malondialdehyde(MDA) and bovine serum albumin(BSA) conjugation reaction, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH) radical, the antimutagenic capacity as measured by the Ames test and the inhibitory effect on cancer cell. Ganoderma lucidum is believed to have possible antioxidative capacities, although the results have varied according to the assay method. The most effective antioxidative capacity was inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Among the five fractions, water fraction showed strong inhibition rates on MDA & BSA conjugation reaction, and ethylacetate fractions showed the most effective inhibition rate on lipid peroxidation and scavenging effect on DPPH radical. The indirect and direct antimutagenic effects of ethanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum were examined by Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Among the samples, the water fraction did not have any antimutagenic effect. The inhibition rates on mutagenicity in the presence of 2.5 mg/plate were nearly $100\%$ for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 except the hexane fraction of the direct mutagenicity mediated by 2-Nitrofluorene in Salmonella typimurium TA98($64.69\%$). Under the 2.5 mg/plate concentration, the inhibitory effects of hexane and dichloromethane fraction were superior to that of the other fractions on the direct mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and indirect mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. The inhibitory effect of Ganoderma lucidum extracts on cell proliferation in HeLa and MCF-7 was investigated by U test. The dichloromethane fraction showed highly antiproliferative effect in HeLa and MCF-7($IC_{50}$: 0.122 mg/mL, 0.272 mg/mL, respectively) cells while the water faction had a weak inhibitory effect($IC_{50}$: 0.691 mg/mL, 10.919 mg/mL respectively). These results suggest that Ganoderma lucidum may have antioxidative, antimutagenic and anticancer capacities and may be a candidate of the prevention and dietetic treatment of chronic diseases and the development of antioxidative, antimutagenic and anticancer functional food.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2011

To identify and quantify the major antioxidants present in Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (C. zawadskii, hereafter), the flowers of C. zawadskii were cut into pieces, extracted with methanol (MeOH), and fractionated by using n-hexane, chloroform ($CHCl_3$), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and water. The highest concentration of polyphenol and flavonoid was observed in the EtOAc fraction. Based on ABTS and DPPH methods, highest antioxidative activities of C. zawadskii were found in the EtOAc fraction, in their 81.56% and 68.12% levels, respectively. By using HPLC, we identified two flavonoids: quercetin and luteolin, in the EtOAc fraction, and their contents were 20.02 and 1.65 $mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$, respectively. Our results clearly suggest the presence of these antioxidants in the flower of C. zawadskii, thus it may be consumed as tea with health beneficial effects.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.325-333
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• 2017

This study aimed to investigate the various biological activities of Geranium thunbergii such as antimicrobial activity and protective effect against oxidative damage. To evaluate its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, we first performed methanol extraction; this methanol extract was further partitioned using various solvents. And then, its antioxidant activity was measured using various assays including total phenolic content and protection against oxidative DNA damage, and antimicrobial activities were examined using minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC) test, and paper disc method. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography was performed to analyze the major chemical components of ethyl acetate fraction. The G. thunbergii fraction with ethyl acetate exhibited higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than the other fractions. The results showed that G. thunbergii ethyl acetate fraction at $50{\mu}g/mL$ had strong DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of 80.88% and 80.12%, respectively. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction protected DNA from the oxidative damage induced by ferrous ion and hydroxyl radicals and showed high antimicrobial activity with diameter of inhibition zones ranging from 13.33 to 15.67 mm. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the major phenolic compounds of G. thunbergii to be ellagic acid and gallic acid. These results suggest that G. thunbergii might protect DNA against oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species and can be utilized as a natural source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in the food industry.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.671-679
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• 2018

Glasswort has attracted an attention because of its interesting physiological actions. In this study, the effects of glasswort on inflammatory events including nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and arachidonic acid metabolism in cultured RAW264.7 macrophages were investigated. A series of solvent fractions, including fractions of hexane (Fr.H), ethyl ether (Fr.E), ethyl acetate, butanol, and water, were prepared from a 70% methanol extract of glasswort. Among the fractions, Fr.E showed the strongest inhibition of NO synthesis and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. At a concentration of $80{\mu}g/mL$, Fr.E decreased the NO and iNOS levels by 73 and 77%, respectively, after 24 h. Fr.E showed the most potent inhibitory effects on the expressions of cytosolic phospholipase $A_2$ and cyclooxygenase-2 with $IC_{50}$ values of 33.4 and $27.9{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Fr.H and Fr.E also significantly inhibited 5-lipoxygenase expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages. These results suggest that the hydrophobic fractions of glasswort possess anti-inflammatory activities through modulating the arachidonic acid metabolism and NO synthesis.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.117-129
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• 2019

In this study Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated for the extract of Prunus pendula for. ascendens (Makino) Ohwi by monitoring nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. The P. pendula ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction showed to decrease the NO synthesis by 76.3% at $100{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. The inhibition occurred in a dose-dependent manner without causing cell toxicity. The EtOAc fraction also inhibited the production of $PGE_2$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and expression of iNOS, COX-2 protein in dose-dependent manner. From the phytochemical study to isolate the active constituents, five known compounds were identified, which are ursolic acid (1), prunasin (2), methyl p-coumarate (3), kaempferol (4), astragalin (5). All of the compounds 1 - 5 were isolated for the first time from the P. pendula. Among the isolates, the flavonoids 4 and 5 were verified to inhibit NO production with high efficiency. These results suggested that extract of P. pendula leaves could be useful as anti-inflammatory agents in pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications.