• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

Despite advancements in the development of synthetic fibers and materials that provide better insulation, fire burn injuries remain a significant issue. To ensure adequate protection, clothing and equipment must be selected on the basis of performance. There are different standards like ISO standards applicable to each of the various types of clothing used by fire fighters. But, in most cases, the tests are performed in the conditions of high heat flux exposure, the clothing material can be destroyed easily. Thus the effective way to investigate the protective performance for the low (radiant) heat flux conditions should be needed. Therefore improved RPP (Radiant Protective Performance) test method based on the onset of pain burn injury was suggested. Experiments were performed to verify the proposed method with current protective clothing for fire fighters and the transient heat transfer characteristics were identified, also. Moreover, several protective performance indices were acquired from experimental results to analyze their relations.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.187-192
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• 2010

Background and Objectives : LED(Light emitting diode) is recently introduced as a energy-saving light source in many area including agriculture and environment. In medical field it is known as bright and safe light source in surgical lighting including headlight. This study is aimed to test effectiveness and cost-saving of mountain-climbing headlight in comparison with xenon headlight. Materials and Methods : Internet market-available mountain-climbing headlight was compared with medical xenon headlight regarding heat generation after 30 minutes' usage, intensity of illumination and possible burn to the perioral skin. To get temperature data, 5 cases of tonsillectomy were done with the aid of LED headlight, while another 5 tonsillectomies were done using xenon headlight. Results : The temperatures of all light sources were below 45 degrees Celcius until finish of the surgery without burn or complications. No differences in operation time with both headlights. The maximal intensities of illumination were 24000 Lux for xenon, 20000 Lux for LED. Conclusion : Mountain-climbing headlight could be safe and helpful light source with low cost in simple oral surgery.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.13-25
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing the professional self-concept of nurses working in intensive care units (ICUs). Methods : Data were collected from July 1 to August 15, 2014. The subjects were 206 ICU nurses working in four university hospitals in B and U cities, Korea. Their professional self-concept was measured using Arthur's Scale revised by Yoon (2012), and professional quality of life (QOL) was measured using Pro QOL Korean Ver. 5 developed by Stamm (2010). Data were analyzed with SPSS Ver. 18, using a t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. Results : Professional self-concept was significantly correlated with compassion satisfaction (r=.61, p<.001), and burn out (r=-.57, p<.001). The factors influencing professional self-concept were compassion satisfaction (${\beta}=.46$, p<.001), burn out (${\beta}=-.27$, p<.001), and education level (${\beta}=.14$, p =.014). The explanatory power of this model was 46.5%. Conclusion : The results suggest that the influencing factors found in this study should be considered when planning nursing intervention programs for improving the professional self-concept of ICU nurses.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.310-317
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• 2024

In this study, Aimed to develop technology to ensure the safety of firefighters responding to hydrogen incidents and to review the performance of protective super absorbent polymer (SAP) that could help maintain the thermal protection performance of equipment with protective properties. Tests were conducted, including bench-scale and full-scale thermal exposure tests, to review the protective performance of SAP using firefighting garments commonly used by firefighters. The results showed that without SAP application, 2nd degree burn areas were measured at 9.4%, and 3rd degree burn areas at 7.7%. In contrast, when SAP was applied, the percentage of 2nd degree burn areas decreased to 7% on the lower body, and there was no temperature rise causing 3rd degree burns. Therefore, it is expected that by applying SAP to the outer surface of firefighter garments, even under temporarily high temperature conditions such as hydrogen jet flames, thermal damage to firefighters could be protected for a certain period.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.1
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• pp.121-129
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• 2012

The edge area with burn severity is known as significant factor that has great effects on the ecosystem recovery. However, there is little study on the edge area and its effects in the South Korea. Thus, this study aimed to analyze immediate responses of vegetation following forest fires due to combined effect of burn severity and edge-interior effect. Burn Severity (BS), or ${\Delta}NBR$ values were computed using satellite images of pre and post-forest fire in Samcheock areas. The burn forest was classified 231 $1-km^2$ girds and these grids were further reclassified into 4 groups by BS type (low BS and high BS areas) and forest areas (edge areas and interior areas). These four groups of grids including low BS-interior (group A), low BS-edge (group B), high BS-interior (group C) and high BS-edge (group D). Post-fire vegetation responses measured with (${\Delta}NDVI$) among four groups were then compared and tested by T-test. The results indicated that group C (${\Delta}NDVI$=0.047) and D (${\Delta}NDVI$ = 0.059) showed considerably greater vegetation regeneration than those of low BS areas including group A (${\Delta}NDVI$ = -0.039) and group B (${\Delta}NDVI$ = -0.036). It was also observed that edges areas showed greater vegetation regeneration than interior areas when BS is the same. Group B (${\Delta}NDVI$ = -0.036) showed greater (${\Delta}NDVI$) values than group A (${\Delta}NDVI$ = -0.039) in low BS condition. Similar relationship is observed between group C and group D in high BS condition. Thus adequate restoration practices for burned areas might need to pay close attention to interior areas with low BS to minimize the secondary damages and to rehabilitate the burned forests.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2002

A class of life distributions, whose mean residual life keeps stable at its earlier phase and then starts to decrease in time, is proposed to model the life of an element haying survived its burn-in. A strongly consistent estimator and a nonparametric testing procedure are developed to locate the occurrence of the change-point of the mean residual life. Finally, some numerical simulations are employed to be an illustration as well.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.87-92
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• 1987

In order to evaluate the artificial skin for burn would covering materials, copoly(N. carbobenzoxy-L-Iysine-L-leucine)s were prepared by Ipolymerization of N - carbobenzoxy-L- I sine anhydride and L-leucine anhydride in homogeneous solvents using triethylamine as an initiator. The synthetic polypeptides and the oxter type polyurethane(PV)of medical grade were used as the sheet type membranes were prepared ; monolayer membrances were composed of only the polypeptides, bilayer membranes and blend membranes were controlled by composition of the polypeptides and PU. Test of the swelling degree, mechanical tensile strength, elongation, oxygen permeability, water-vapor loss and In vitro degradation treated by pretense TV of samples of artificial skin were measured by adequate methods so as to mechanical, physincal characterization and biodegradation. As a result, all the values of samples were found to be similar to desired value of skin which was nature. The Artificial skin based on polypeptides can be considered as ideal burn wound covering materials.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.105-127
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• 2013

Objectives : We examined the use of the moxibustion through survey on Korean Medicine Doctors (KMDs) on preparation of universal moxa product standard by fully reflecting opinions of practitioners and the industry. Methods : The questionnaire is composed of 25 questions including use of indirect moxa, side effects, complaints and improvements, general characteristics and so on, and were responded by 1,588 KMDs. For statistics, frequency analysis, chi-square analysis, T-test and ANOVA were conducted using SPSS 12.0 for windows, and the significance level was 0.05. Results : In this research, 91% of the responded KMDs was using moxibustion, and the proportion of using mediate moxibustion was shown as 63.2%. They used mediate moxibustion for side effects of direct moxa method such as risk of burn, ease of use, control of stimulation and so on. And it was mostly being conducted to women and 40 ages. Most respondents gave moxibustion treatments for the purpose of thermal stimulation on acupoint to musculoskeletal diseases. Most respondents were treating 1~2 pieces of moxibustion to patients by moxibustion points to those of 1~2 regions every time within 10 minutes. Regarding the frequency of side effects of mediate moxibustion, within 3% of respondents had experienced side effects, and the types were burn, flare and itchiness, odor and smoke. The dissatisfaction of mediate moxibustion products was moderate(2.00 out of 5 point scale), and went up public health doctors, the younger ages and the shorter clinical experience. Complaints on mediate moxibustion products were serious odor, poor attachment, risk of burn etc. Regarding ways to improve mediate moxibustion, the expansion of moxibustion's insurance cost carne out highest, followed by preparation of manual on efficacy, strengthening of training, acquiring evidence on efficacy, diversification of specifications, safety improvement, quality improvement of mediate moxibustion products. Conclusions: Many KMDs use for ease of use and give moxibustion treatments for thermal stimulation but they complain about safety, efficacy and quality of mediate moxibustion. After this it is considered that we have to elevate therapeutic effect through the improvement of mediate moxibustion products.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.6_4
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• pp.1341-1350
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• 2019

This research deals with algorithm for forest fire severity classification using multi-temporal KOMPSAT-3A image to mapping forest fire areas. The recent satellite of the KOMPSAT series, KOMPSAT-3A, demonstrates high resolution and multi-spectral imagery with infrared and high resolution electro-optical bands. However, there is a lack of research to classify forest fire severity using KOMPSAT-3A. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze forest fire severity using KOMPSAT-3A images. In addition, this research used pre-fire and post-fire Sentinel-2 with differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) to taking for burn severity distribution map. To test the effectiveness of the proposed procedure on April 4, 2019, Gangneung wildfires were considered as a case study. This research used the probability density function for the classification of forest fire damage severity based on R software, a free software environment of statistical computing and graphics. The burn severities were estimated by changing NDVI before and after forest fire. Furthermore, standard deviation of probability density function was used to calculate the size of each class interval. A total of five distribution of forest fire severity were effectively classified.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.558-565
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• 2019

Background The scalp, an excellent donor site for thin skin grafts, presents a limited surface but is rich in stem cells. The purpose of this study was to test a double harvesting procedure from the scalp and to evaluate the capacity of the dermal layer. Methods Two layers corresponding to a split-thickness skin graft (SSG) and a split-thickness dermal graft (SDG) were harvested from the scalp using a Zimmer dermatome during the same procedure. Healing of the scalp donor site, reason for recipient site grafting, and the percentage of graft loss were evaluated. Results Fourteen patients, comprising six men and eight women with a mean age of 34.2 years, were treated according to our protocol. The most common reason for a recipient site graft was a postburn scar deformity (10/14 patients). The mean area of scalp SSGs was 151.8 cm². The mean area of scalp SDGs was 88.2 cm². The mean healing time of scalp donors was 9.9 days. The only donor complication was a tufted scar deformity. Conclusions Skin defects in the scalp of donors healed faster and led to less scarring than defects at other donor sites. Scalp SDGs needed 10 days for adequate epithelization. The scalp was the best donor site for SSGs and SDGs for burn reconstructive patients.