• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.82-91
• /
• 2002

The study was executed to evaluate the agricultural utilization of phyllite as composting bulking agent in pig manure. The effects of the composted pig manure were verified by adopting the mixture of 10% phyllite and 20% saw dust(PSPC 10) and 20% phyllite and 10% saw dust(PSPC 20). The pig manure mixed with 30% saw dust was used as a control(PSC). However C/N ratio was very decreased because humus was rapidly progressed at PSPC 20 plot during the composting. Also, $NH_4{^+}-N$, $NO_3{^-}-N$, pH and EC were quickly changed from after one week and CEC was the highest as $92cmol_c/kg$. And Total-N was hardly changed during the composting but total carbon was rapidly declined as processing compost. Therefore, the phyllite has positively showed comparing with others in the street as compost bulking agent and go ahead, it is concerned that this material should have to research and investigating, constantly.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.52 no.6
• /
• pp.513-519
• /
• 2010

A series of experiments were performed to study the influence of the following parameters on the physical traits and composition of swine manure compost: (1) addition of magnesium (Mg) at a molar ratio of 1.2 with respect to $PO_4$, and (2) reutilization of compost containing $MgNH_4PO_4{\cdot}6H_2O$ (magnesium ammonium phosphate, MAP). Three independent batch tests were conducted for replication: batch test I-control (C) and Mg added (T), batch test II-C, T and compost recycle ($T_{R1}$), and batch test III-C, T and compost recycle ($T_{R2}$). Magnesium addition and compost reutilization had no adverse effect on the degradation of organic matter. Reuse of the compost, however, had a clear effect on the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents in the final compost. Repeated compost reutilization as a bulking material was resulted in composts rich in N and P. Upon adding the Mg supplement to the composting materials, the ortho-phosphate (OP) to TP ratio decreased due to the MAP crystallization reaction. The decrease in the OP/TP ratio and the increase in the TP content of the compost indicate that water-soluble phosphate is converted into a slow-release phosphate by the formation of crystals during composting. X-ray diffraction analysis of the irregular shaped crystals in the compost indicated that they are MAP crystals and that the crystallization of MAP begins immediately after the addition of the Mg supplement. The Mg addition to composting materials and the reutilization of compost as a bulking material would be a practical means to conserve nutrient content.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.371-378
• /
• 1996

A prototype of expert system which can support the operation for the municipal waste water treatment plant located at Kyoung-Ki Do, Kwang-ju Kun was developed and tested. This system provides (i) tracking the cause of the problem, (ii) analysis, and (iii) solution Knowledge-base consists of about 100 production-rules for the biological wastewater process, such as bio-reactor and final clarifier. Rules were obtained from the analysis of the problems such as sludge bulking. The system provides stable process control and management and effectively helps inexperienced operators with advanced and standard technologies. Future works will focus to develop a statistical process control model and associate with expert system. The control model can process the operation data statistically; analyze the relationship between affecting factors and control variables; and provide optimum operation parameters.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.451-455
• /
• 2007

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of input ratios of bulking material in aerobic composting of food wastes on variation of colony forming units(CFU) of fungi. Wood chips were used as a bulking material. Volume ratios of food wastes to wood chips in reactor of Control, WC-1 and WC-2 were 10/0, 10/5 and 10/10, respectively. Reactors were operated for 24 days with I hour stirring by 1rpm and 2 hours of the forced aeration rate of $80L/min{\cdot}m^3$ per day. WC-2 reached high temperature range faster than WC-1, and the maximum temperature of WC-2 was higher than that of WC-1. WC-2 reached high pH range faster than WC-1. and the maximum pH of WC-2 was higher than that of WC-1. WC-2 reached high Log(CFU/gram) range faster than WC-I, and the maximum Log(CFU/gram) of WC-2 was higher than that of WC-1. These all mean that the reaction velocity of composting of WC-2 was faster than that of WC-1. The profile of fungi changes in Log(CFU/gram) was similar to that of temperature changes (r=0.8861) not pH changes (r=0.1631).

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.28-34
• /
• 2003

This study was performed to compare the effects of chaff and sawdust as bulking materials on temperature, pH, weight and volume reduction and salinity in aerobic composting of food wastes. Volume ratios of food wastes to chaff in reactor of Control, Ch-l, Ch-2, Ch-3 and Ch-4 were 4:0, 4:1, 4:2, 4:3 and 4:4, respectively. Volume ratios of food wastes to sawdust in reactor of Control, Sd-l, Sd-2, Sd-3 and Sd-4 were 4:0, 4:1, 4:2, 4:3 and 4:4, respectively. Reactors were operated for 24 days with 1 hour stirring by 1 rpm and 2 hours aeration per day. The lowering of the volume ratio of food wastes to chaff and sawdust resulted in the reaction at higher reaction temperature and the elongation of the high temperature reaction period. The lowering of the volume ratio of food wastes to chaff and sawdust resulted in faster pH increase. In the volume ratio of 4:3 and 4:4, pH increased faster in food-chaff mixtures than in food-sawdust mixtures. The lowering of the volume ratio of food wastes to chaff and sawdust resulted in faster steady state in the weight reduction rate and the volume reduction rate. The weight reduction rates of chaff mixtures were higher than those of sawdust mixtures, but the volume reduction rates of sawdust mixtures were more higher than those of chaff mixtures. Salinity increased as composting reaction proceeded, due to reduction in mass weight. The final salinity of Control was 2.79%, and the final range of salinities of chaff and sawdust mixtures were 2.18∼2.37% and 1.86∼2.05%, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.99-104
• /
• 2015

According to the volumetric mixing rate of dairy cow manure (DCM) and moisture control materials such as decomposed manure (DM) and sawdust (S), 6 reactors (DCM only (R1), DCM : DM = 1:1 (R2), DCM : DM = 1.5:0.5 (R3), DCM : DM = 0.5:1.5 (R4), DCM : DM:S = 1:0.5:0.5 (R5) and DCM : S = 1:1 (R6)) were used for composting of dairy cow manure. Among the composting reactors, composting reactor of R5 was shown the highest temperature of the compost as a $66^{\circ}C$ during composting period. After 3 weeks composting, moisture content of R5 and R6 were 51% and 51.3%, respectively. These values were satisfied with the moisture content standard of livestock manure compost of Korea. We concluded that decomposed manure may be a good moisture control material for dairy cow manure composting when it is used in mixture with sawdust. The optimum volumetric mixing ratio of dairy cow manure and moisture control materials was 50% of livestock manure, 25% of decomposed manure and 25% of sawdust.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.35-43
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of Kimchi factory waste (KFW) as bulking agent on physicochemical properties of cow manure (CM) composting and of its application on lettuce growth. Treatments were designed as follows; CM compost [65 % CM + 35 % sawdust (SD); control], KFW 5 % (65 % CM + 30 % SD + 5 % KFW), KFW 10 % (65 % CM + 25 % SD + 10 % KFW) and KFW 15 % (65 % CM + 20 % SD + 15 % KFW). After composting for 25 days, temperature of KFW treatments was lower than that of control. As compared with control, water content of KFW 15 % treatment was low about $5^{\circ}C$, and content of organic matter (O.M.) and nitrogen (N) was higher. pH and O.M./N ratio of KFW treatments or control were unaffected. In comparison with germination index (G.I.), G.I.s of KFW treatments were more than 70 on 25 days and G.I. of control on 35 days. As applied with KFW composts in lettuce, dry weight of KFW 10 % and KFW 15 % were increased by 84 % and 67 %, respectively, than that of control. These results indicated that Kimchi factory waste was possible to use as the compost law materials in livestock manure composting and to replace some sawdust as bulking agent.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.90-95
• /
• 1999

The study on the fermented feeds production of garbages have been conducted to determine the optimum operation condition. The process variables considered for this study were initial air flow rate and temperature control. The results showed that optimum air requirement was $4{\ell}-air/min{\cdot}kg-$ garbages on dry weight basis which is equal to $0.8{\ell}-air/min{\cdot}kg-$ garbages on the basis of 80% moisture content. The optimum initial temperature control in the reactor was $40^{\circ}C$. Crude fiber content of fermented final byproducts were higher than feedstuffs standard for pig breeding and consequently final byproducts had to mix with single-component feed.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.197-208
• /
• 2014

The present study was conducted to provide basic data for efficient vermicomposting of swine manure by investigating the effect of sawdust mix on growth and reproduction of earthworms, amount of earthworm cast produced, and its chemical composition when mixing swine manure in different levels (0(SSD0), 10(SSD10), 20(SSD20), 30(SSD30), and 40%(SSD40)) with sawdust commonly used as moist control in manure composting. The C/N ratio of the feed and the survival rate of earthworms for the SSD0 treatment (10.19, 35.2%), The C/N ratio of the feed was 11.09-16.44 and increased with higher level of sawdust mixed, and the survival rate of earthworms during the experiment period was 35.2-100%. The number of earthworms was 16.6 in the SSD40 treatment, and young worms were not found in the SSD0 treatment or the treatment with less than 30% sawdust in the mix. The number and the weight of cocoons in SSD30 and SSD40 treatments were found to be in the ranges of 23.8-59.8 and 256-660 mg respectively. The production of earthworm cast and digested amount were higher with the higher level of mixed sawdust (p<0.05), and the C/N ratio of cast increased with the mixed sawdust ratio, being significantly higher ratio in SSD30 and SSD40 than other treatments (p<0.05). Heavy metals content tended to decrease with the mixed sawdust level. To summarize, the higher level of mixed sawdust was associated with improvement in growth and reproduction of earthworms, and 30-40% sawdust mix in particular could result in efficient vermicomposting.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.67-71
• /
• 2003

Drug excipients are material used in the formulation of pharmacologically active drugs. They have a variety of roles including dilutents/fillers/bulking agents, binders/adhesives, propellant, disintegrants, lubricants/dlidants, colors, flavors, coating agents, polising agents, fragrance, sweeteening agent, polymers and waxes. Excipient should be inert or inactive and does not interfere with the test. Nowadays within industry there has been a recent surge of interest in novel excipient for novel dosage forms. The purpose of the review is to introduce the administration systems of drug excipient about kinds, matters to be attended to change of excipients.