• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2023

Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli) is a type of cabbage that contains vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. Consequently, it is used as a potential nutraceutical source for improving human health by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Here, the effects of broccoli sprout extract (BSE) on the inflammatory response were investigated through lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory mouse models. First, we found that the BSE obviously reduce NO production in RAW 264.7 cells in response to LPS stimulation in in vitro study. Pretreatment with BSE administration improved sperm motility and testicular cell survivability in LPS-induced endotoxemic mice. Additionally, BSE treatment decreased the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-1β, and IL-6, and COX-2 in testis of LPS-induced endotoxemic mice models. In conclusion, BSE could be a potential nutraceutical for preventing the excessive immune related infertility.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2014

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italia) florets were extracted with 80% methanol and the extract was sequentially fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and distilled water. The extract and the fractions were evaluated for total phenolic content, sulforaphane content, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The total phenolic content and sulforaphane content of the ethyl acetate fraction (EF) were 35.5 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and $620.2{\mu}g/g$, respectively. These values were higher than those of the 80% methanol extract and organic solvent fractions. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity of the EF [$1,588.7{\mu}M$ Trolox equivalents (TE)/mg] was 11-fold higher than that of the distilled water fraction ($143.7{\mu}M\;TE/mg$). The EF inhibited nitric oxide release from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ activation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, the EF of broccoli florets exerted potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.564-569
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• 2009

Antioxidative activities, total phenolic compounds and the sulforaphane contents of cooked broccoli extracts were studied. Total phenolic compounds were determined to be 0.96 mg/g(flower) and 0.76 mg/g(stem) in fresh broccoli extracts. The total phenolic compounds of cooked broccoli extracts showed 0.92 (1 min), 0.79 (3 min), 0.67 (10 min) mg/g when a boiling process was used and 1.27 (1 min) mg/g when a steaming process was used. In the DPPH assay, the steam process showed the highest free radical scavenging capacities. Sulforaphane has been of increasing interest in the nutraceutical and phamaceutical industries due to its anti-cancer effect. Sulforaphane was isolated from fresh and boiled, steamed broccoli using dichloromethane as an extract solvent. The sulforaphane contents of fresh broccoli were higher in the flower (14.78 mg/kg) than in the stem (6.16 mg/kg). The sulforaphane content dramatically decreased after the boiling ($100{\pm}2^{\circ}C$) or steaming ($100{\pm}2^{\circ}C$) processes were used.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.422-426
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• 1997

Fresh broccoli is known to have the highest content of sulforaphane (S-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate) among all vegetables. Since isothiocyanates are formed from myrosinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of glucosinolates during tissue destruction of broccoli, the formation of sulforaphane in the extract of broccoli was examined under various processing conditions. The amount of sulforaphane in processed broccoli was measured using GC/MS analysis. Among fresh, dried, and boiled broccoli fresh broccoli exhibited the highest content of sulforaphane. Sulforaphane was maximally produced from the homogenate in 0.1 M phosphate buffer containing 1 mM Vitamin C stored at room temperature for 1 hr. In boiled broccoli, the amount of sulforaphane decreased as the boiling time increased, and reached to 10% of control after 30 min boiling. The amount of sulforaphane was decreased remarkably in dried broccoli in which freeze-dried and heat-dried broccoli had about 50% and 30％ of fresh ones, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1140-1148
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• 2017

For the purpose of developing new immunomodulatory agents from broccoli, ethanol extract (BCEE), hot water extract (BCHW), and crude polysaccharide (BCCP) were isolated from broccoli, and their immunomodulatory activities and chemical properties were examined. In the in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, BCHW and BCCP did not affect the growth of tumor cells and normal cells. Murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with BCCP showed higher production of IL-6, IL-12, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ cytokines than those stimulated with BCHW. Also, BCHW and BCCP did not show proliferation of splenic lymphocytes. In the in vitro assay for intestinal immunomodulatory activities, only BCCP enhanced GM-CSF secretion and the bone marrow cell-proliferating activity via cells in Peyer's patches at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. Also, BCHW mainly contained 33.7% neutral sugars, such as arabinose, glucose, and galactose, and 30.7% uronic acid, and BCCP consisted of 42.6% neutral sugars, including arabinose, galactose, and glucose, and 50.5% uronic acid. The above results lead us to conclude that crude polysaccharide (BCCP) isolated from broccoli causes considerably high cytokine production in peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow cell proliferation, and the polysaccharide extraction process is indispensable for separation of new immunomodulatory agents from broccoli.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.882-887
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• 1997

Quantitative determination of sulforaphane, S-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate in 20 cruciferous vegetables of Korean origin was performed. Homogenate of vegetable was extracted with dichloromethane, and the extract, after drying, was subjected to GC/MS analysis, which was based on single ion monitoring (SIM) at m/z 72, 160, 55, 114 and 177. The content of sulforaphane was found to be the highest in the extract of broccoli $(80.2{\sim}617.7\;ppm)$ followed by turnip $(15.4{\sim}23.1\;ppm)$, red cabbage $(9.9{\sim}32.1\;ppm),\;radish\;(5.5{\sim}8.8\;ppm)$ and kale (8 ppm). Among various cultivars of broccoli, broccoli '1243' and broccoli 'Pilgrim' showed higher content of sulforaphane than others. Especially, in the stem of broccoli '1243' and the floret of broccoli 'Pilgrim' the amount of sulforaphane was the highest (>700 ppm). Thus, the content of sulforaphane differed according to the cultivars and the portion of the vegetables.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.117-124
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• 2019

Objective : Broccoli is edible green plant that has a wide variety of health benefits including cancer prevention and cholesterol reduction. However, leaves of broccoli are not eaten and are mostly left as waste. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the broccoli leaf extract (BLE) on prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production related to nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. Methods : BLE was prepared by extracting dried leaf with ethanol. Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. PGE₂ and inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression level of each protein was monitored by Western blot analysis. Results : In LPS-activated Raw264.7 cells, PGE₂ release into culture medium was dramatically enhanced compared to control cells. However, increased PGE₂ was attenuated dose-dependently by treatment with BLE. Inhibition of PGE₂ production by BLE was due to the suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression determined by Western blot analysis. BLE also inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Inhibition at PGE₂ and cytokine was mediated from inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB due to the repression of inhibitory kappa B alpha (IκBα) phosphorylation and degradation. Conclusion : This study showed that BLE exerted inhibitory activities against PGE₂, which is critical for the initiation and resolution of inflammatory responses, and that inhibition of PGE₂ was mediated by suppression of NF-κB signaling. These results suggest that the waste broccoli leaves could be used for controlling inflammation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.356-362
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• 2007

This study was carried to develop the new material of functional food which antioxidant of natural substances of sprouts. We compared antioxdiative activity and antioxidant substances exist in sprouts. Antioxidaive activities of sprouts were measured by total polyphenolic acid contents, electron donating activity(EDA), SOD-liked activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. Total polyphenolic acid content was very higher in Rape sprouts extract(Rap) than other sprout extracts. Also Rape extract was showed the most excellent antioxdiative activity in SOD liked activity at 86.94%. The EDA was ordered Rape sprouts extract(Rap)>Tatsoi sprouts extract(Tat)>Broccoli sprouts extract(Bro)>Alfalfa sprout extract(Alf). Hydroxy radical scavenging ability was the most effective in Rape sprouts extract(Rap). Therefore we could be certain that Rape sprouts extract(Rap) was the most effective in antioxidative activity from sprouts.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.448-462
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• 2020

Dietary nutrition is a critical lifestyle factor that can reduce the risk of future cognitive impairments caused by dementia. Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary supplementation with Sulforaphane may help the prevention of cognitive impairments and dementia. Thus, Sulforaphane-enriched broccoli extract would hold promise to improve cognitive impairments of dementia patients. Here, we have used broccoli extracts, prepared from broccoli cultivated in Magma Seawater, to test if the broccoli extracts can be dietary supplement to improve cognitive impairments. Magma Seawater originated from Jeju Island, Korea is unique in terms of containing high concentrations of usable minerals (Zinc, Vanadium and Germanium etc.). Broccoli, grown in Magma Seawater, would contain Sulforaphane and the extra amount of usable minerals. The chemical compositions of the broccoli extracts were analyzed using LC-Q-orbitrap to detect Sulforaphane and Glucoraphanin. Analysis method based on HPLC was developed for measurement of sulforaphane levels in the broccoli extracts. We have tested if the broccoli extracts have anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects on neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, we examined if the broccoli extracts are able to upregulate expression of synaptic plasticity-associated proteins (BDNF and phospho-CREB) and to inhibit acetylcholine esterase (AchE) activity. We have shown that the broccoli extracts inhibited the apoptotic pathway and inflammatory responses. Finally, we present evidence showing that AchE activity was inhibited by the broccoli extracts, but expression of BDNF and phospho-CREB was upregulated. Taken together, these findings suggest that the broccoli extracts from Magma Seawater-grown broccoli would be a good source of dietary nutrition to improve cognitive impairments in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.150-157
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• 2004

Cruciferous vegetables are rich in organosulfur compounds such as isothiocyanates and sulfides. While the isothiocyanates, corresponding to pungent principle, are generated from myrosinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of glucosinolates, the sulfides can be generated non-enzymatically. Recent studies provide evidences that some sulfur compounds in these vegetables show a chemopreventive action against carcinogenesis; while isothiocyanates such as sulforaphane induce phase 2 enzymes (glutathione S-transferase/quinone reductase), disulfides tends to elevate the level of phase 1 and 2 enzymes. Especially, sulforaphane rich in Cruciferae vegetables has been reported to express anticarcinogenic effect in some organs such as liver, kidney or intestine. When the level of sulfur compounds in Cruciferous and Alliaceous vegetables was determined by GC/MS (SIM), the richest in sulforaphane is broccoli followed by turnip, cabbage, radish, kale, cauliflower and Chinese cabbage. Meanwhile, the sulfides are predominant in Alliaceous vegetables such as onion. In related study, the administration of vegetable extract elevated the GST level by 1.5 fold for broccoli, 1.4 fold for radish, and 1.3 for onion. Thus, the vegetables frequently used in Korean dish contain relatively high amount of anticarcinogenic sulfur compounds. Moreover, the combination of broccoli and radish extracts elevated the GST induction up to 1.84 folds of control. In addition, the Kakdugi, fermented radish Kimchi was observed to show a comparable GST induction despite the decomposition of methylthio-3-butenylisothiocyanate (MTBI). Therefore, the combination of vegetables including broccoli, and fermented radish Kimchi would be useful as a functional food for chemoprevention.