• Wind and Structures
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.225-241
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• 1998

The high-rise supporting towers of long-span suspension and cable-stayed bridges commonly comprise a pair of slender prisms of roughly square cross-section with a center-to-centre spacing of from perhaps 2 to 6 widths and connected by one or more cross-ties. The tower columns may have a constant spacing as common for suspension bridges or the spacing may reduce towards the top of the tower. The present paper is concerned with the aerodynamics of such towers and describes an experimental investigation of the overall aerodynamic forces acting on a pair of square cylinders in two-dimensional flow. Wind tunnel pressure measurements were carried out in smooth flow and with a longitudinal intensity of turbulence 0.10. Different angles of attack were considered between $0^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$, and separations between the two columns from twice to 13 times the side width of the column. The mean values of the overall forces proved to be related to the bias introduced in the flow by the interaction between the two cylinders; the overall rms forces are related to the level of coherence between the shedding-induced forces on the two cylinders and to their phase. Plots showing the variation of the force coefficients and Strouhal number as a function of the separation, together with the force coefficients spectra and lift cross-correlation functions are presented in the paper.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2005

본 연구는 군산시의 은파유원지내에 설치되는 교량에 관한 기본계획 및 실시설계에 관한 연구이다. 본 교량은 기존에 설치되었던 차량위주의 교량이 아닌 보행자를 위한 보행자 전용교량으로 주변경관과의 조화 및 통과자의 커뮤니케이션 행태와 지역의 역사문화를 고려하여 접근되었다. 이것은 기존의 교량들이 기능적인 요소에 중점을 두어 계획되었던 것과는 다르게 진행하는 통과자의 관점과 지역문화진흥 관점에서 계획되었으므로 공간내에서 인간과 커뮤니케이션 행위와 지역과의 상호작용을 이해하는 사례가 될 것이다. 본 연구의 노선계획 및 교량의 형식과 규모, 주탑의 형식 그리고 그 안에 설치되는 다양한 공간들의 구성방법 및 부대시설들을 통해 경관과 인간행태를 이해할 수 있을 것이며, 대상 지역문화의 활성화를 모색하고 교량설계에 있어 새로운 접근방법을 시도했다는데 본 연구의 의의가 있다 하겠다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.129-147
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• 2010

This study deals with the viability of using a designed geometrical model consists of plane, polar coordinates (PC) and span length in the determination of bridges deformation. The data of a Tianjin Yonghe bridge located in the southern part of China as collected by RTK-DGPS technique and Accelerometer were used in the analysis. Kalman filter and fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analyses were used to determine the frequency. The results indicate that the designed plane and PC geometrical model are easy to calculate the long-time structural deformation monitoring. In addition, the observed frequency using GPS with the rate of 20 Hz doesn't give correction natural frequency of the observation structures.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.691-711
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• 2006

This paper uses the finite element method to simultaneously consider the coupled cable-deck vibrations and the parametric vibrations of stay cables in dynamic analysis of a cable-stayed bridge. The stay cables are represented by some cable finite elements, which can consider the parametric vibration of the cables. In addition to modeling stay cables using multiple link cable elements, a procedure for removing the self-weight term of cable element is proposed. A eigenvalue analysis process using dynamic condensation method for sorting out the natural modes of the girder-tower vibrations and the Rayleigh damping considering element damping for damping matrix are also proposed for dynamic analyses of cable-stayed bridges. The possibilities of using cable elements and of using global and local vibrations to evaluate the parametric vibrations of stay cables in a cable-stayed bridge are confirmed, respectively.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.241-257
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• 1999

This paper presents a procedure to minimize the cost of materials of cable-stayed bridges with composite box girder and concrete tower. Two sets of iterations are included in the proposed procedure. The first set of iteration performs the structural analysis for a cable-stayed bridge. The second set of iteration performs the optimization process. The design is formulated as a general mathematical problem with the cost of the bridge as the objective function and bending forces, shear forces, fatigue stresses, buckling and deflection as constraints. The constraints are developed based on the Canadian National Standard CAN/CSA-S6-88. The finite element method is employed to perform the complicated nonlinear structural analysis of the cable-stayed bridges. The internal penalty function method is used in the optimization process. The limit states design method is used to determine the load capacity of the bridge. A computer program written in FORTRAN 77 is developed and its validity is verified by several practical-sized designs.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.125-146
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• 2006

Stonecutters Bridge of Hong Kong is a cable-stayed bridge with two single-column pylons each 298 m high and an aerodynamic twin deck. The total length of the bridge is 1596 m with a main span of 1018 m. The top 118 m of the tower will comprise structural steel and concrete composite while the bottom part will be of reinforced concrete. The bridge deck at the central span will be of steel whilst the side spans will be of concrete. Stonecutters Bridge has adopted a twin-girder deck design with a wide clear separation of 14.3 m between the two longitudinal girders. Although a number of studies have been conducted to investigate the aerodynamic performance of twin-girder deck, the actual real life application of this type of deck is extremely limited. This therefore triggered the need for conducting the present studies, the main objective of which is to investigate the performance of Stonecutters Bridge against flutter at its in-service stage as well as during construction. Based on the flutter derivatives obtained from the 1:80 scale rigid section model experiment, flutter analysis was carried out using 3-D finite element based single parameter searching method developed by the second author of this paper. A total of 6 finite element models of the bridge covering the in-service stage as well as 5 construction stages were established. The dynamic characteristics of the bridge associated with these stages were computed and applied in the analyses. Apart from the critical wind speeds for the onset of flutter, the dominant modes of vibration participating in the flutter vibration were also identified. The results indicate that the bridge will be stable against flutter at its in-service stage as well as during construction at wind speeds much higher than the verification wind speed of 95 m/s (1-minute mean).

• Wind and Structures
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.85-97
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• 2020

The accurate estimation of the buffeting response of a bridge pylon is related to the quality of the bridge construction. To evaluate the influence of wind field characteristics on the buffeting response of a pylon in a trumpet-shaped mountain pass, this paper deduced a multimodal coupled buffeting frequency domain calculation method for a variable-section bridge tower under the twisted wind profile condition based on quasi-steady theory. Through the long-term measurement of the wind field of the trumpet-shaped mountain pass, the wind characteristics were studied systematically. The effects of the wind characteristics, wind yaw angles, mean wind speeds, and wind profiles on the buffeting response were discussed. The results show that the mean wind characteristics are affected by the terrain and that the wind profile is severely twisted. The optimal fit distribution of the monthly and annual maximum wind speeds is the log-logistic distribution, and the generalized extreme value I distribution may underestimate the return wind speed. The design wind characteristics will overestimate the buffeting response of the pylon. The buffeting response of the pylon is obviously affected by the wind yaw angle and mean wind speed. To accurately estimate the buffeting response of the pylon in an actual construction, it is necessary to consider the twisted effect of the wind profile.

• Composites Research
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2004

불균등 단면이나 임의의 경계조건을 가진 보나 탑 구조물의 고유진동수를 계산하는 방법은 김덕현에 의해 1960년 후반기에 개발 응용되고 1974년의 한 국제회의에서 발표되었다. 이 논문에는 이 방법을 탄성지지된 3경간연속 철근콘크리트 교량에 적용한 결과가 실려있다. 콘크리트 상판은 특별직교 이방성 판으로 취급되었다. 이 진동해석에 필요한 변위의 영향계수는 여러 방법으로 구할 수 있으나 이 논문에서는 유한차분법이 사용되었다. 기초의 탄성계수와, $D_{22}$, $D_{12}$, $D_{66}$ 강성의 고유진동수에 대한 영향이 철저하게 연구되었다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.191-199
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 캔틸레버 공법으로 가설되는 사장교의 최종단계에서 초기평형상태를 구현하기 위한 폐합 방법을 제안하였다. 캔티레버식 가설에 의한 사장교에서 초기평형상태의 구현을 위해서는 거더 폐합단계에서 폐합단면 양측의 연직 처짐, 회전각 및 축방향 변위에 대한 적합조건을 만족시켜야 하는데, 본 연구에서는 실제 시공시 적용 가능한 데릭 크레인의 인양력과 케이블의 장력, 그리고 주탑부에 설치된 유압잭을 이용하여 적절한 폐합이 가능함을 제시하였다. 제안된 방법을 예제 교량의 시공단계 해석에 적용하여 그 타당성을 검증하였으며, 폐합시 축방향 변위에 관한 적합조건의 고려 여부가 주탑의 결과에 큰 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제71권6호
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• pp.603-625
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• 2019

Main cable configurations under final dead load and in the unloaded state and critical construction parameters (e.g. unstrained cable length, unstrained hanger lengths, and pre-offsets for tower saddles and splay saddles) are the core considerations in the design and construction control of a suspension bridge. For the purpose of accurate calculations, it is necessary to take into account the effects of cable strands over the anchor spans, arc-shaped saddle top, and tower top pre-uplift. In this paper, a method for calculating the cable configuration under final dead load over a main span, two side spans, and two anchor spans, coordinates of tangent points, and unstrained cable length are firstly developed using conditions for mechanical equilibrium and geometric relationships. Hanger tensile forces and unstrained hanger lengths are calculated by iteratively solving the equations governing hanger tensile forces and the cable configuration, which gives careful consideration to the effect of hanger weight. Next, equations for calculating the cable configuration in the unloaded state and pre-offsets of saddles are derived from the cable configuration under final dead load and the conditions for unstrained cable length to be conserved. The equations for the main span, two side spans and two anchor spans are then solved simultaneously. In the proposed methods, coupled nonlinear equations are solved by turning them into an unconstrained optimization problem, making the procedure simplified. The feasibility and validity of the proposed methods are demonstrated through a numerical example.