• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary oils on the levels of the ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid in chicken meat lipids. Three hundred ten five, 1-d old, male, Ross strain, broiler chicks were fed for 35 d to compare diets containing evening primrose oil(EPO) and hemp seed oil(HO) to a control diet. Fatty acid composition of lipid from chicken skin, thigh and breast muscle were determined at the end of the trial. The level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of lipids from chicken meat fed diets containing EPO or HO was significantly higher than that of the control group(p<0.05). The level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of lipids from chicken skin was highest in the group, which had been fed the EPO 0.85%, followed in order by EPO 0.7%, 0.5%, EPO mixed oil, HO and HO mixed oil. There was a significant difference in the level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of chicken skin between the control and treatment groups(p<0.05). The level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of lipids from chicken thigh muscle was also similar to skin, and significantly higher than that of the control group(p<0.05). The level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of lipids from chicken breast muscle was highest in the group, which had been fed the EPO 0.5%, followed in order by EPO 0.7%, 0.85%, HO 0.5% and HO mixed oil. There was a significant difference in the level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of chicken breast muscle between the control and treatment groups(p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.335-345
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• 1996

The solids(supplementary food) consumption of 200 healthy infants aged from 4 to 6 months have been measured. Five groups were assigned to different feeding patterns. Breastfed group(BF, n=38), formula-fed group(FF, n=102) and mixed-fed group(MF, n=14) were fed breast milk, formula and mixed(breast mile+formula) from birth until 6 months of age respectively. Convert 1 group(C1F, n=14) and convert 2 group(C2F, n=32) were fed breast milk and mixed milk at 2 months of age respectively and were switched to formula thereafter. All infants received solids form 4 months of age. The energy intake from solids at 4 and 6 months averaged 59.1 and 110.3㎉/d among BF groups vs 151.9 and 239.3㎉/d among FF groups respectively. Intakes of protein, calcium and iron were 38-46$\%$, 34-44% and 25-37$\%$ higher in the FF than in the Bf group during the first 6 months. However, no significant differences were found in the intakes of energy and nutrient intakes from solids in all 4 groups excluding BF group(39$\%$). Although BF infant's nutrient intakes from solids were lower than other group's intakes, they intaked evenly solids from various food groups. As the age of infant had increased, the energy intake ratio from solids was cereals and dairy products was increased whereas energy intake ratio from meats, eggs, fruits and vegetables was decreased. TSC4, TSC6(the frequency score for the kinds of weaning food taken) showed no significant difference among 5 feeding groups but CIF-and C2F group's scores tended to be high. Consequently, these results suggest that BF group's solid intake pattern is more desirable and that Korean lactating Mother's dependence on commercial weaning food is too high.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.453-461
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the mothers' nutritional knowledge on weaning of 101 infants (8 for 4 mo, 44 for 5 mo, 45 for 6 mo, 4 for 7 mo) at a public health center of Incheon. Informations on the mothers' nutritional knowledge were obtained by questionnaires. In this survey $41.6\%$ of infants were breast-feeding, $43.6\%$ of them were bottle-feeding, and $14.9\%$ of them were mixed feeding right after birth. The rate of breast-feeding right after birth was significantly higher in mothers of high school graduate than mothers of college/university graduate (p < 0.05). The infants of mothers graduated high school began to be weaned significantly earlier than the infants of mothers graduated college/university (p < 0.05). $95.1\%$ of infants (n = 101) began to be weaned 4 to 6 months. $83.1\%$ of infants were fed home-made weaning foods. $66.7\%$ of infants were fed rice gruel, $18.5\%$ of them were fruit juice, $6.2\%$ of them were mixed grain, and $4.9\%$ of them were commercially prepared weaning foods as their first supplementary foods. As main supplementary foods, $32.8\%$ of infants were fed vegetable, $30.5\%$ of them were rice gruel, and $27.7\%$ of them were fruit juice. Mothers' nutritional knowledge related to weaning was significantly higher among mothers of college/ university graduate than mothers of high school graduate (p < 0.05). $86.1\%$ of mothers disagreed with the questionnaire in which breast-fed infants aged over 4 months needed to be fed iron sufficient food. For the improvement of nutritional status especially iron nutritional status of infants, nutritional education for mothers with weaning aged infants has to be increased and related programs have to be operated effectively.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 1996

This study was undertaken to determine talc fatty acid intakes of lactating women and breast fed infants. Food consumptions of lactating women were measured at 3 4nd 9 days find 4, 8 and 12 weeks postpartum, respectively and diet samples were collected at the same time. Breast milk and blood samples were collected at 12 weeks postpartum. Fatty acid profiles of diet and breast milk were analyzed with GC. Total fatty acid intakes, fat percentage of energy, P/M/S and n-6/n-3 ratios of lactating women were 50.7 g/d, 20.9$\%$, 0.6/0.9/1 and 4.0/l, respect timely, over the first 12 weeks of postpartum and were not significantly different according to the lactating stages. Total fatty acid intakes and fat percentage of energy of the infects aged 12 weeks through the breast milk alone were 18.9 g/d and 44.8. This study shows that the linoleic acid percentage of energy intake in infants was 6.7$\%$, which was in optimum and/or high level to generally recommended guideline. DHA intakes of lactating women were positively correlated with those of infants from breast mil.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.11
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• pp.1166-1171
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• 2005

Purpose : The aim of this study was to evaluate whether breast milk feeding at infancy has the effect of a programming agent preventing school-age obesity, or whether formula milk feeding is the cause of elementary school-age obesity. Methods : We randomly selected 4 elementary school in Masan and Changwon city. We calculated the BMI and obesity degree from height and weight data on the school record of 1,275 children of first and second grade. The parents of 1,275 children were asked to a questionnaire about their birth history and feeding modality during infancy. Based on these data, we categorized them into 4- different groups : breast fed for less than 2 months; breast fed for 2-6 months; breast fed more than 6 months; mixed fed. We compared the mean BMI, obesity degree and prevalence rates of obesity of each groups. Results : There was no statistical difference on the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity, which was defined by BMI, according to the duration of breast feeding. The same was true for mild obesity and moderate obesity, which was defined by obesity degree. The mean BMIs and the mean obesity degree were not different among different feeding types. Conclusion : There seems to be no protective effect of breast feeding during infancy on reducing the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity. However, even wider and larger studies considering confounding factor might be needed to reach a definite conclusion in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.87-89
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• 2002

This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant effects of dietary xanthophylls supplementation in broiler breast and thigh meat homogenates during incubation at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 hours respectively. Experimental treatments were divided into control, lutein, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin and capxanthin fed meats. The supplementation levels of to chicks were adjusted to 30 ppm in feeds. The 30 ${\mu}$M FeCl$_3$ and 100 ${\mu}$M ascorbic acid were added to meat homogenates in order to catalyze lipid oxidation. In breast meat homogenates, the TBARS(O.D) of all treatments at 2 hour was significantly(p〈0.05) increase. In thigh meat homogenates, the highest TBARS(O.D) value of all treatments appeared at 16 hour incubation and TBARS(O.D) value of all treatments was significantly(p〈0.05) lower than that control during incubation time. The TBARS(O.D) of lutein treatment in breast meat homogenate at 8 hour and 16 hour were significantly(p〈0.05) lower than those of treatments. Also, astaxanthin treated in thigh meat homogenate of the 2 hour and 4 hour and lutein treatment in thigh meat homogenate at 8 hour and 16 hour were significantly(p〈0.05) lower than other treatments. In conclusion, dietary xanthophyll treatments in breast and thigh meat homogenates showed more antioxidant effect to lipid oxidation than control. Especially, lipid oxidation inhibited significantly in lutein fed breast meat, and lutein and astaxanthin fed thigh meat homogenates.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.319-323
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• 2020

This study investigated the physicochemical properties of Pekin duck breast meat obtained from ducks fed diets consisting different types of sipjeondaebo-tang by-products and red ginseng marc with fermented red koji during storage. A total of 180 Pekin ducks (0-day old) were divided into four groups, each consisting of three replicates (15 ducks per pen). This study investigated diets with four types of treatments: control (basal diet),1% blend powder, pelleted 1% blend, and coated pellets of 1% blend; the blend was a mixture of sipjeondaebo-tang by-products powder and red ginseng marc with fermented red koji. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in duck breast meat pH on storage days 3 and 7, TBARS on storage days 0 through 7, and DPPH radical scavenging on storage days 0 and 7. However, the pH values on storage day 0 and DPPH radical scavenging on storage day 3 were significantly different (p<0.05) in the meats from control and treated diet fed ducks. Especially, on storage day 7, the breast meat from ducks treated with different types of sipjeondaebo-tang by-products and red ginseng marc with fermented red koji showed lower TBARS values and increased DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to the control. In conclusion, addition of different types of sipjeondaebo-tang by-product and red ginseng marc with fermented red koji to 1% blend might be helpful in increasing antioxidant effects and reducing product wastage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.391-397
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• 1998

The present study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary protein (20, 22, 24%) with a constant protein-to-energy ratio on clenbuterol-induced performance in broilers. The protein-to-energy ratio was based on adequate level (22% protein, 3,100 kcal of energy). Female broiler chickens were used for a $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement and fed diets with or without 1 ppm clenbuterol from 14- to 32-days of age. Feed efficiency improved with increasing dietary protein level, regardless of clenbuterol treatment. The dietary clenbuterol increased weights of breast and leg muscles (gastrocnemius and peroneus longus), and clenbuterol markedly reduced protein content of leg muscles in chickens fed the 20% protein diet, but did not in chickens fed the 22 and 24% protein diets. Feeding the 24% protein diet with clenbuterol improved the protien accretion (peroneus longus) by 8.4%. Clenbuterol decreased DNA content and increased the protein/DNA ratio in breast muscle regardless of dietary protein intake. Clenbuterol had no effect on RNA content in both breast and leg muscles. The present results demonstrated that various protein levels which retain the same protein-to-energy ratio in the diet markedly alter the protein accretion induced by ${\beta}$-agonist in broilers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.363-368
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• 1998

Taurine is only supplied to the infants from the breast-fed or formula milks because the enzyme activities of taurine biosynthesis are limited in early stages of infants . The objectives of present study were to quantitate the contents of tarurine in human milk and to estimate the intake of taurine by breast-fed infants during early period of lactation. Thirty -three lactating women, volunteered and delivered in R hospital in Serou. were recruited. Milk samples were collected every day at B1-B5 day(from 1 to 5 day dafter start of milk secretion), 15th and 30th day postpartum. Taurine contents were determined by HPLC equipped with RF-detector. The intake of taurine by infants was estimated by multiplization with the infant milk intake reported in our laboratory. The content of taurine was 406$\pm$174nmol/ml at B1-B5 day, and then gradually decreased to 359$\pm$125nmol/ml at 15th day and to 304$\pm$94nmol/ml at 30th day postpartum. The estimated intake of taurine was almost same as 24-25mg/day at B1-B5 day, and 15th , 30th days postpartum . This results was due to the increase of the intake of milk by infants.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.139-143
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplemental charcoal(CH) or charcoal extract(CE) on performance and meat quality of broiler chicks for 5 weeks. Basal diets based on corn and soybean meal contained 21% crude protein for the first 3 weeks and 19% for the rest two weeks. Two levels of dietary CH(O, 0.5%) and CE(0, 0.2%) were fed in a factorial design. There were four replicates of 10 chicks each per treatment. An increased growth rate was observed in chicks fed the basal diet supplemented with CE alone. Chicks fed the diet containing both CH and CE tended to depress the growth rate. Dietary supplemental CH and CE improved the feed conversion efficiency compared to the control group, but was not significantly different between them. The abdominal fat(%) of chicks fed CH alone or both CH and CE tended to de-crease without significant difference. The total lipid content of breast meat of chicks fed CE alone showed significant difference among treatments (P