• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.329-332
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of grafting timing, rootstock cut timing and leaf removal with promalin ($GA_{4+7}+BA$) treatments on the maiden tree growth, lateral development and flower bud initiation. In mid-March 1997, two-year-old M.9-T337 rootstocks selected with trunk diameter over 1 cm were planted in the field. Chip budding with 'Fuji' scion on M.9-T337 rootstock budded in mid-April was earlier in sprouting than chip budding in mid-June. Late cutting chip budding (LCCB) with 'Fuji' scion on M.9-T337 rootstock was lower in the failed budding percentage with 14% than that of early cutting chip budding (ECCB). Especially, ECCB in April was not suitable for scion growth such as uniformity with high percentage of failed tree. Grafting timing in mid-June and rootstock cutting timing of LCCB induced more branches and flower buds than other treatments. Removal of 8 to 10 uppermost immature leaves on central leader stem and application of Promalin 250 mg/L after every 30 cm of terminal growth produced a 189 cm tall tree with 9 flower buds and 14.2 short lateral shoot from 30 to 35 cm long in length in 1998. Promalin increased branching on second-season growth and, when combined with leaf removal, resulted in uniform distribution of branches along the central leader stem.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.381-387
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• 1992

Gill epithelia of normal rainbow trout fingerlings and abnormal ones suffering bacterial gill disease by experimental infection were examined by transmitting electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). TEM observations revealed that Flavobacterium branchiophila consisted of slender rods measuring 0.5 by 5 to $8{\mu}m$, and they had which were long, thin, flexible filaments measuring approximately 4 nm by $1{\mu}m$, and packed together to organize into bundles. Morphological alterations of the diseased epithelia started at hypertrophy of the lamellar epithelium. F branchiophila attached to the gill surface of infected fish through pili with a regular distance, and did not invade into gill tissue. In SEM observations, normal surface ultrastructure of epithelial cell in the outermost layer were characterized by a typical labyrinth-like structure branching and anastomosing microridges on the cell surface. Hyperplastic lesions in experimentally infected gill were most serious at near the tips. Each filament exhibited a club-like, and fusion between the filaments was sometimes observed at their tips. On the surface of gill filaments, thread-like bacterial cells attached and were entangled. The bacterial cells almost covered the surface. After immersion in 5 % NaCl, the cell of F branchiophila, however, appeared to be indeterminate shape.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.255-264
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• 2003

Various chain sizes 3-arm star polystyrenes (PS, $M_{w}$=2.80$\times$10$^{5}$ , 2.49$\times$10$^{6}$ g/mol) in t-decalin solution were measured at the temperature range of 20~7$0^{\circ}C$ by means of viscometry and laser light scattering. In order to show universality in the expansion factor of 3-arm star polymer, it was expected that (N/ $R_{G,Br,o}$$^{2}$)$^{3}$2/$\tau$/$\tau$$_{C}$ would be used as an universal parameter, where $R_{G,Br,o}$ was the unperturbed radius of gyration of star PS. However, much better universality had been observed when (N/ $R_{G,Br,o}$$^{2}$)$^{3}$2/$\tau$/$\tau$$_{C}$ parameter of the linear PS was used even for the 3-arm star PS. It could be explained if branching effect had been already taken into account in the part of $\tau$/$\tau$$_{C}$(=[(Τ-Θ$_{Tc}$ )/Θ$_{Tc}$ ]/[(Θ$_{Tc}$ -Τ$_{c}$)/ $T_{c}$]). Here N and Θ$_{Tc}$ stand for the number of monomer unit in a single polymer chain and a kind of theta temperature as the critical solution temperature $T_{c}$ of the infinite molecular weight, respectively.ely.y.ely.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 1992

Temporal variations of the path of the East Korea Warm Current(EKWC) which flows northward along the east coast of Korea were analysed to investigate whether the EKWC directly influences the existence of the so-called Warm Core in the Ulreung basin. From the 13 years(1975-1987) data of the Fisheries Research and Development Agency(FRDA), the $10^{\circ}C$ isotherm at the 100m depth and the depth of $2^{\circ}C$ isotherm and the temperature field at the 200m depth were used for identification of the path and the central position of the Warm Core. Sea surface winds computed from the surface pressure charts gave the monthly-averaged wind stress curl over the East Sea which was used for determination of the Sverdrup transport. And the mass transport stream functions were computed by use of the Sverdrup balance. The variations of the path show that the EKWC does not always have a fixed path and fluctuates with time. And the existence of the Warm Core is independent upon the presence of the EKWC even when the EKWC doesn't flow northward along the east coast of Korea. In view of the mass transport stream functions, the influences of the sea surface winds on the branching of the Tsushima Warm Currents and the presence of the EKWC were investigated. The presence of the EKWC may be hindered by the southward flow driven by the sea surface winds when the Tsushima currents are rather weak. A very weak correlation exists between the north-south component of the Sverdrup transport and the position of the Warm Core. However, a small but significant part of the southward transport across the latitudinal line of $38^{\circ}N$ indicates that cold water from the northern part of the East Sea may be driven and be forced to flow beneath the permanent thermocline in such a way that the thermal structure of the Warm Core and its position might be changed.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2017

Variant surface antigens (VSAs) encoded by pir families are considered to be the key proteins used by many Plasmodium spp. to escape the host immune system by antigenic variation. This attribute of VSAs is a critical issue in the development of a novel vaccine. In this regard, a population genetic study of vir genes from Plasmodium vivax was performed in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Eighty-five venous blood samples and 4 of the vir genes, namely vir 27, vir 21, vir 12, and vir 4, were selected for study. The number of segregating sites (S), number of haplotypes (H), haplotype diversity (Hd), DNA diversity (${\pi}$ and ${\Theta}_w$), and Tajima's D test value were conducted. Phylogenetic trees of each gene were constructed. The vir 21 (S=143, H=22, Hd=0.827) was the most genetically diverse gene, and the vir 4 (S=6, H=4, Hd=0.556) was the opposite one. Tajima's D values for vir 27 (1.08530, P>0.1), vir 12 (2.89007, P<0.01), and vir 21 (0.40782, P>0.1) were positive, and that of vir 4 (-1.32162, P>0.1) was negative. All phylogenetic trees showed 2 clades with no particular branching according to the geographical differences and cluster. This study is the first survey on the vir genes in ROK, providing information on the genetic level. The sample sequences from vir 4 showed a clear difference to the Sal-1 reference gene sequence, whereas they were very similar to those from Indian isolates.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.638-647
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• 2010

The genetic relationships in 5 species of $Ligularia$ were investigated using RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) sequences analyses. In RAPD analysis, sixty three of 196 arbitrary primers showed polymorphism. The amplified fragments ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 kb in size. The dendrogram was constructed by the UPGMA clustering algorithm based on genetic similarity of RAPD markers. A total of 16 accessions were classified into 5 major groups corresponding each species at the similarity coefficient value of 0.77. In the ITS sequence analysis, the size of ITS 1 was varied from 248 to 256 bp, while ITS 2 was varied from 220 to 222 bp. The 5.8S coding region was 164 bp in lengths. Forty nine sites (10.2%) of the 478 nucleotides were variable, and the G+C content of ITS region ranged from 49.4 to 53.5%. In the ITS tree, five species of $Ligularia$ were monophyletic, and $L.$ $taquetii$ was the first branching within the clade. $Ligularia$ $intermedia$ formed a clade with $L.$ $fischeri$ var. $spiciformis$ (BS=79), and $L.$ $stenocephala$ and $L.$ $fischeri$ were also claded. Two data sets were congruent, except of the position of $L.$ $fischeri$ var. $spiciformis$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.130-135
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• 2002

Species of Genus Trichoderma are commercially applied as biological control agents against fungal Pathogens. A powerful biocontrol agent, Trichoderma sp. SJG-99721 was isolated from 305 isolates by morphological characters, chitinase activities and antifungal activities against Phytophthora capsiei. The isolate was identified as Trichoderma harzianum from various features such as growth rate at $27^\circ{C}$, significant growth ratio of $27^\circ{C}$ to $17^\circ{C}$, amount of aerial mycelium, types of branching: system, and disposition patterns of phialide and phialospore. Trichoderma harzianum SJG-99721 have been shown to act as a powerful biological agent against fungal phytopathogens; Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora capsiei, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Mycoshaerella melonis, Alternaria sotani, Fusarium oxysporum, Collectotrichum gloesporioodes, Alternaria alternata, Phythium ultimum, Phytophthora drechsleri, Pyricularia grisea.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.9
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• pp.1048-1052
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• 2009

Plastic bronchitis is a rare disease characterized by the recurrent formation of branching mucoid bronchial casts that are large and more cohesive than those that occur in ordinary mucus plugging. Casts may vary in size and can be spontaneously expectorated, but some require bronchoscopy for removal. Plastic bronchitis can therefore present as an acute life-threatening emergency if obstruction of the major airways occurs. Three of 22 reported patients with eosinophilic casts were fatal, with death due to central airway obstruction. Here, we report a child with no history of atopy, allergy, or congenital heart disease who was diagnosed with plastic bronchitis with eosinophilic casts. Although he was administered intravenous (iv) antibiotics; iv corticosteroids; and a vigorous pulmonary toilet regimen, including chest physiotherapy and routine bronchoscopic removal of casts, he had brain death secondary to hypoxic brain damage. Plastic bronchitis can be fatal when casts obstruct the major airways, as in the present case. Clinicians should intervene early if a patient exhibits signs and symptoms consistent with plastic bronchitis.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.6
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• pp.37-41
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• 1988

The present work deals with the effect of agar and auxins concentrations on vitrification in tissue culture of Gypsophila paniculata L. cv. 'Bristol Fairy' in vitro. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Plant growth, that is, plant height, fresh weight and branching were decreased as increasing agar concentration. On the other hand, addition effect of IAA 1.0mg/l+NAA 0.5mg/l and IAA 2.0mg/l+NAA 1.0mg/l on the plant height were increased strikingly. 2. Addition effect of auxins on the days to rooting were little. And the root development showed same tendency as plant growth. 3. The rate of non-vitrified plants were gradually increased as rising agar concentration. But the addition of agar 1.5g/l in the medium resulted in poor growth. 4. From these results, it was found that following media were the most effective for increasing of non-vitrified and good plant growth in Gypsophila paniculata L. tissue culture.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 2002

Streptomycetes is a group of Gram-positive soil bacteria that growas a branching vegetative mycelium leading to the formation of spores, and display a physiological differenti-ation related to the synthesis of many secondary metabolites including antibiotics. Their complex life cycle and multicellular differentiation require various levels of regulation and types of signal transduction systems including eukaryotic-type serine/threonine protein kinases and prokaryotic-type histidine/aspartic acid protein kinases. Akt kinase that was found in cells is a sorine/threonine kinase controlling signal pathway for multi-tude of important cellular events. The activation or inactivation of Akt kinase in the cell is one of the critical regulatory points to deliver cell proliferation, differentiation, survival or apoptosis signal. To find the regula-tory protein homologous to Akt in Streptomyces, the fluorescien-labeled synthetic peptide (FITC-TRRSR-TESIT) was designed from the consensus sequence of target proteins for Akt kinase. From the difference of the mobility between the nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated synthetic peptides on Agarose gel electro-phoresis, the Akt-phosphorylating activity was monitored. The cell-free extract prepared from Streptomyces griseus IFO 13350 and the Akt homologous protein was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and many steps of column chromatographies such as, DEAE-Sepharose, Mono Q, Resource Phenyl-Soporose and Gel permeation column chromatographies. As a result, the protein phosphorylating the fluorescien-labeled Akt substrate was identified and it's molecular weight was estimated as 39 kDa on SDS-PAGE.