• 터널과지하공간
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.467-475
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• 2006

최근 국외에서는 터널막장의 안정을 위해 막장볼트의 시공실적이 급증하고 있고 관련된 많은 실험, 계측 등의 자료가 발표되고 있지만 현장마다 지반조건, 볼트 종류가 틀리기 때문에 설계 단계에서 최적의 타설개수를 결정하는 것은 매우 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 우선 현장조사를 통하여 사용되는 막장볼트의 종류, 개수 등을 분석하였다. 이결과 막장볼트는 다른 공법과 병용하여 사용되는 경우가 많기 때문에 지반조건과의 상관관계는 보이지 않았다. 또한 현장조사를 바탕으로 한 실내시험 및 수치해석을 통해 터널 막장이 볼트로 보강되었을 경우 지반 및 볼트의 거동을 분석하였으며 특히 타설개수에 초점을 맞추었다. 실험결과 막장볼트의 개수가 증가할수록 지표면 침하 및 막장수평변위는 지수함수 형태의 변위감소 분포를 보이고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.277-296
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• 2002

A research investigation of single bolt lap-plate connection load-deformation behavior is presented. Each important characteristic of this behavior is evaluated and two methods for analytically approximating the behavior are developed and presented. The first of these methods is a component method in which the behavior of the connection is modeled as a combination of the behavior of the parts. The second method utilizes a number of parametric relationships that relate the connection parameters to coefficients of two non-linear continuous analytical curves. The test results from four independent experimental programs that investigated the behavior of single bolt lap-plate connections are used in the development and verification of these methods.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2007

다중 볼트 접합부에서는, 해석적인 방법으로는 볼트의 개수가 두 개까지 만으로 제한되고 다양한 여러 형태의 접합부 거동 해석이 불가능하다. 이를 해결하기 위하여 볼트의 개수에 구애받지 않고 거동을 예측할 수 있으며 또한 다양한 형태의 여러 접합부의 거동을 해석할 수 있게 하기 위하여 수치해석적 방법을 개발하고자 하였다. 수치해석법을 이용하여 거동 해석을 실시하기 위한 최적 변수로는 r=0.35, Kx=137.5, Ky=257.4가 각각 얻어졌다. 기존의 이론적 방법에 비하여 본 연구에서 개발한 수치해석 모델의 거동 해석 정확도가 더 높음을 알 수 있었다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.397-410
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• 2022

It is essential to monitor the working conditions of bolt-connected joints, which are widely used in various kinds of steel structures. The looseness of bolts may directly affect the stability and safety of the entire structure. In this study, a guided wave-based method for bolt looseness detection and localization is presented for a joint structure with multiple bolts. SH waves generated and received by a small number (two pairs) of magnetostrictive transducers were used. The bolt looseness index was proposed based on the changes in the reconstructed responses excited by the time reversal signals of the measured unit impulse responses. The damage locations and local damage severities were estimated using the damage indices from several wave propagation paths. The back propagation neural network (BPNN) technique was employed to identify the local damages. Numerical and experimental studies were conducted on a lap joint with eight bolts. The results show that the total damage severity can be successfully detected under the effect of external force and measurement noise. The local damage severity can be estimated reasonably for the experimental data using the BPNN constructed by the training patterns generated from the finite element simulations.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2003

This paper deals with an automated computer-aided process planning and die design system with which designer can determine operation sequences even after only a little experience in process planning and die design of multi former-bolt products by multi-stage former working. The approach is based on knowledge-based rules, and a process knowledge base consisting of design rules is built. Knowledge fur the system is formulated from plasticity theories, empirical results and the empirical knowledge of field experts. Programs for the system have been written in AutoLISP for AutoCAD with a personal computer. An attempt is made to link programs incorporating a number of expert design rules with the process variables obtained by commercial FEM softwares, DEFORM and ANSYS, to form a useful package. The system is composed of four main modules. The process planning and die design module considers several factors, such as the complexities of preform geometry, punch and die profiles, specifications of available multi former, and the availability of standard parts. It can provide a flexible process based on either the reduction in the number of forming sequences by combining the possible two processes in sequence, or the reduction of deviation of the distribution and the level of the required forming loads by controlling the forming ratios. The system uses 2D geometry recognition and is integrated with the technology of process planning, die design, and CAE analysis. The standardization of die parts for multi former-bolt products requiring a cold forging process is described. The system developed makes it possible to design and manufacture multi former-bolt products more efficiently.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.72-82
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• 2000

Attempts were made to analyze the behavior of single and multiple-bolted connections through theoretical methods such as European yield theory, empirical approaching method, and semi-rigid theory instead of many experimental methods that have been actually inefficient and non-economical. In the case of a single-bolted connection, if accurate characteristic values of a material could be guaranteed, it would be more convenient and economical to perform the behavior analysis using a model based on the semi-rigid theory, instead of the existing complex yield model, or the empirical formula which produces errors, giving different results from the actual ones. If the variables of equation determining the load and deformation could be appropriately controlled, the analytical method in conjunction with a semi-rigid theory could be effectively applied to obtain the desirably predicted value, considering that the appropriate solution could be derived through a simpler equation using a less difficult method compared to the existing yield model. It is concluded that analytical method with semi-rigid theory can be used in the behavior analysis of bolted connection because our developed method showed excellent analysis ability of behavior until number of bolt is two. Although our analytical method has the disadvantage that the number of bolt is limited to two, it is concluded that it has the advantage than numerical method which complicated and time-consuming.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.257-262
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• 2017

최근 스마트 폰, 스마트 와치 등과 같은 전자기기의 크기가 작아지면서, 그에 사용되는 체결 볼트의 크기 또한 작아지고 있다. 초소형 나사는 제품을 체결하는 데 있어 충분한 체결 토크나 풀림 방지효과를 갖지 못한다. 그래서 초소형 나사의 체결력과 풀림방지 효과를 유지 및 강화하는 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 초소형 나사의 풀림방지 효과를 강화하기 위해 나사의 머리 밑 면에 쎄레이션 형상을 추가하여 그 효과를 분석하였다. 쎄레이션 볼트는 풀림과정에서 피체결체 윗면을 변형시켜 풀림 방지 턱을 생성해 풀림을 방지하는 역할을 한다. 쎄레이션 개수와 체결 깊이를 변수로 하여 그 영향을 분석하고 풀림 방지 성능에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제29권4A호
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• pp.291-297
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• 2009

실험을 통해 고장력 볼트의 릴렉세이션를 측정하였다. 종류와 표면 처리가 다른 볼트를 사용하여 체결길이가 서로 다른 블록형태와 겹침이음형태의 시험체를 조립하였다. 항온항습실에서 시간 경과에 따라 볼트에 도입된 축력을 변형률 게이지를 통하여 측정하였다. 볼트축력의 감소율은 모든 시험체에서 10% 미만으로 나타났다. 결합 형태, 볼트종류, 체결길이 그리고 볼트의 표면 처리가 서로 다른 여러 경우에 대해 실험결과를 이 연구에서 제안한 릴렉세이션 추정 모델을 이용하여 비교, 검토하였다. 제안한 모델은 여러 경우에 대한 실험 결과와 모두 합리적으로 잘 합치하고 있다. F13T와 F10T 볼트사이에 차이점을 발견할 수 없으나 다크로 볼트의 최종 체결력 감소율은 일반 볼트보다 30% 정도 높으며, 또한 전체적으로 볼트 체결길이가 짧아짐에 따라, 전단면의 수가 증가함에 따라 높아지는 경향을 보여주고 있다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.93-98
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• 2001

This study is to develop the end anchorage of external steel reinforcement of RC slab bridges. External prestress method using the existing steel is that When the anchorage is installed in slab end, a plenty of anchor bolts were required because the only tangential stress of anchor bolt received a tendon force. Then, for this reason, the wide end anchorage was required and the shape was complicate. But this reinforcement method using method that inserts anchor key at concrete surface cut a groove gets big internal force comparing to the anchorage using existing anchor bolt. Furthermore, the number of anchor bolt for installing apparently will be reduced, and the operation will be convenient because a small anchorage of a simple shape will be received a great tendon force

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.1009-1014
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• 2001

This study is to develop the end anchorage of external steel reinforcement of RC slab bridges. External prestress method using the existing steel is that When the anchorage is installed in slab end, a plenty of anchor bolts were required because the only tangential stress of anchor bolt received a tendon force. Then, for this reason, the wide end anchorage was required and the shape was complicate. But this reinforcement method using method that inserts anchor key at concrete surface cut a groove gets big internal force comparing to the anchorage using existing anchor bolt. Furthermore, the number of anchor bolt for installing apparently will be reduced, and the operation will be convenient because a small anchorage of a simple shape will be received a great tendon force.