• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 2014

Background: Health care professionals (HCPs) are at high risk of contracting blood-borne infections due to their occupational exposure to blood and body fluids (BBFs). The incidence of these infections among HCPs are higher in low income countries such as Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to investigate the extent of occupational exposure to BBFs and its associated factors among HCPs in Bahir Dar town, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used from October 1, 2012 to October 30, 2012. Three hundred and seventeen HCPs were included in the study using a simple random sampling technique. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the factors related to exposure to BBFs. Results: Two hundred and nine (65.9%) HCPs were exposed to BBFs in the past year, of which 29.0% were needlestick injuries. Work experience [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.56-10.91], inconsistent use of gloves (AOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.04-3.43), and not complying with standard precautions (AOR 1.80, 95% CI 1.00-3.22) were the factors associated with occupational exposure to BBFs. Conclusion: A high proportion of HCPs was exposed to BBFs in this study. Occupational exposure to BBFs was determined by the use of gloves and not complying with standard precautions. Ensuring the availability of gloves, training about standard precautions, and motivation of HCPs to implement standard precautions should be emphasized to avoid such exposures.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집E
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• pp.142-147
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• 2001

Natural convection of a magnetic fluid is different from that of Newtonian fluids because magnetic body force exists in an addition to gravity and buoyancy. In this paper, natural convection of a magnetic fluids(W-40) in a cubic cavity is examined by numerical and experimental method. One side wall was kept at a constant temperature($25^{\circ}C$), and the opposite side wall was also held at a constant but lower temperature($20^{\circ}C$). Under above conditions, various magnitudes of the magnetic fields were applied up. GSMAC scheme is used for a numerical method, and the thermo-sensitive liquid crystal film(R20C5A) is utilized in order to visualize wall-temperature distributions as an experimental method. This study has resulted in the following fact that the natural convection of a magnetic fluids is controlled by the direction and intensity of the magnetic fields.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.42-49
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• 1999

The reproductive effect of $Telazol^{\circledR}$ was studied in pregnant rats. Two different doses (20 or 40 mg/kg/day) were injected on days one of 3, 5 or 8 of pregnancy and 3 consecutive days of 3~5 or 5~7 in pregnant rats. On days 8 or 21, the rats were anesthetized, the cesarean section was performed, the uterus was carefully examined, and the numbers of corpora lutea, implantation sites and viable fetuses, fetal and placental weights and pre-and post-implantation losses in rats were surveyed. Simultaneously the concentrations of sodium and potassium of the plasma, uterine and amniotic fluids were determined. And gestation period in pregnant rats, postnatal offspring survival and body weight gains were evaluated. Administration of $Telazol^{\circledR}$ did not exert a bad influence upon body weight gains in pregnant rats. Reproductive indices were normal. The concentrations of sodium and potassium of the plasma, uterine and amniotic fluids in pregnant rats remained unchanged. Gestation period of rats, postnatal offspring survival and body weight gains were normal. It is concluded that $Telazol^{\circledR}$ is devoided of significant adverse reproductive effects in pregnant rats.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.39-51
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• 1998

This paper describes the analysis of flow field around an automobile. The governing equations of the 3-D unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved by the iterative time marching scheme. The Chimera grid technique has been applied to efficiently simulate the flow around the side-view mirror. To validate the capability of simulating the flow around a ground vehicle, the flows around the Ahmed body with 12.5$^{\circ}$ and 30$^{\circ}$ of slant angles are simulated and good agreements with experiment and other numerical results are achieved. To validate Chimera grid technique, the flow field around a cylinder was also calculated. The computed results are also well agreed with other numerical results and experiment. After code validations, the flow phenomena around the ground vehicle are evidently shown. The flow around the side-view mirror is also well simulated using the Chimera grid technique.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2015

Flow field around the KRISO 3600TEU container ship is computed using a surface generated based on interpolations of station lines, which are given in a body plan of the ship, without using any CAD program. An interpolation method is suggested based on inscribed circles to generate curves between two neighboring station lines. The interpolated surface is saved in a STL format to use the snappyHexMesh utility of the openfoam. Computed resistance of the ship is compared with experimental and other computational results and the effects of the interpolation of neighboring station lines on the computed resistance are investigated. The suggested method is applied to calculate the flow field around a submarine with appendages. The surface triangulations for the hull and the appendages are generated without consideration of each other, then those surface triangulations are simply combined to provide a grid generator with the body boundary. The junctures of the hull and the appendages are identified automatically during the grid generation procedure. Tip vortex is captured, which travels downstream from the tip of the appendages.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2016

In speed skiing, aerodynamic forces play an important role in determining performance of the skier. To predict aerodynamic effects of the posture of the skier on alpine downhill skiing, we constructed equation of motion of the skier and performed the corresponding CFD simulations. Comparing drag and lift of three different skier postures, it has been shown that drag decreases significantly by tucking upper body to lower body and stretching arms forward. Also, aerodynamic lift which worked as downforce in standing posture worked upward in tuck posture, reducing friction force between snow and ski. This indicates that tuck posture have advantages over standing posture in dual mechanism, namely by reducing drag and also increasing lift. By this two-dimensional initial study we could reveal the general tendency of the aerodynamic force over the skier's body. This study not only provides a theoretical foundation for the athletes to understand the aerodynamic effects of skier postures but also shed a light on towards more accurate and rational three-dimensional CFD simulation of skiers in the near future study.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.72-78
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• 2014

A hybrid particle-mesh method as the combination between the Vortex-In-Cell (VIC) method and penalization method has been achieved in recent years. The VIC method, which is based on the vorticity-velocity formulation, offers particle-mesh algorithms to numerically simulate flows past a solid body. The penalization method is used to enforce boundary conditions at a body surface with a decoupling between body boundaries and computational grids. The main advantage of the hybrid particle-mesh method is an efficient implementation for solid boundaries of arbitrary complexity on Cartesian grids. However, a numerical simulation of flows in large domains is still not too easy. In this study, a multi-domain approach is thus proposed to further reduce computation cost and easily implement it. We validate the implementation by numerical simulations of an incompressible viscous flow around an impulsively started circular cylinder.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술대회논문집
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• pp.79-84
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• 2005

The numerical solutions are examined on the effect of a centered heat conducting body on natural convection in a 2-D square cavity. The influences of the Rayleigh number, the dimensionless conducting body size, and the ratio of the thermal diffusivity of the body to that of the fluid have been investigated on the natural convection heat transfer in overall concerned region. The analysis reveals that the fluid flow and heat transfer processes are governed by all of them. Results for isotherms, vector plots and wall Nusselt numbers are reported for Pr = 0.71 and relatively wide ranges of the other parameters. Heat transfer across the cavity, in comparison to that in the absence of a body, are enhanced (reduced) in general by a body with a thermal diffusivity ratio less (greater) than unity. The heat transfer are also found to attain a minimum as the body size is increased.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.316-329
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• 2015

이 연구는 간호대학생들의 혈액 및 체액의 노출실태와 표준주의에 대한 지식, 인지도와 수행도를 파악하여 감염교육을 위한 기초자료로 제시하고자 시도하였다. 연구대상자는 J지역의 간호학과 3, 4학년 간호대 학생 309명이었다. 대상자의 혈액과 체액에 대한 노출경험은 71.5%이었다. 표준주의에 대한 지식 평균점수는 $20.59{\pm}2.05$점이고, 학년, 감염교육 유무 등에서 통계적으로 유의하였다. 인지도의 평균점수는 $4.67{\pm}.36$점이고 연령, 사후조치 없음의 이유 등에서 통계적으로 유의하였고, 수행도 평균점수는 $4.25{\pm}.70$점이며, 혈액 및 체액 접촉에서 유의하였다. 대상자의 표준주의에 관한 지식, 인지도와 수행도와의 관계는 각각 양의 상관관계로 나타났다. 표준주의 수행도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 표준주의 인지도(${\beta}=.274$)만이 유의하게 나타나, 표준주의 수행도 변인의 8.6%를 설명하였다. 표준주의의 인지도와 수행도가 낮은 점수의 영역을 중점적으로 보완한 다양한 감염관리 프로그램의 개발이 필요하며, 학생들에게는 임상실습 진입 전, 감염예방에 대한 교육이 강화되어야 할 것이다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.15-27
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to show data for protocol design which will be able to change body shape using the measured value before and after Meridian Scraping Massage with the Martin-type anthropometer through experiment result and questionnaire. The data analysis was done by paired-sample t-test using SPSS program and today, Meridian Scraping Therapy is being applied by various instruments which use meridian pathway and spots on the body suitable for acupuncture which promote blood circulation by eliminating toxin and maintaining body fluids balance. And they have such merit as easy to buy material and perform operation without side effect only if understanding massage principal.