• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 2013

We know that humans are able to live comfortably when there is a balance between the living environment that surrounds us and us. Clothing, one of the necessities of life, serves a dual purpose of functioning as protection for the body as well as providing visual satisfaction, and so is the most effective bonding mechanism. A different type of comfort that has been provided through industrialization and advancements in technology has resulted in pollution problems in the environment, and it has reached a point of seriously thinking about its effects. The biggest problems in environmental pollution are air pollution and waste disposal, and something that cannot be ignored is that environmental hormones and harmful heavy metals have been discovered in the synthetic dyes used in the clothing product, and not only are they harmful to the body, but they also have adverse effects on skin allergies such as atopic dermatitis. Its effects on clothing, especially underwear and baby products, can become a serious issue. The use of natural vegetable dye can be considered the basis for the traditional Korean dyeing process, however not all natural dyeing process can be thought of as traditional Korean dyeing. This is because natural dyeing used to be the most common method of dyeing before synthetic dyes came along and became the dye of choice for most clothing. Natural dyes are beneficial to the body, and the nature colors, achieved from the natural materials, relieve eye strains as well as have a healing effect for people who are suffering from psychological instability such as stress. However, the use of mordant in order to increase the fastness and get better color effects can lead to even more damage to the environment, and it cannot be a dyeing method that is good for the body. Traditional natural dyeing is different from regular natural dyeing because it uses colors that the Korean people can identify with and applies specific methods in order to achieve those colors. Even though experimental study with dyestuff and practical use of the dyeing methods for traditional Korean dyeing has been started(Soh, H., 1983) and has been ongoing, it is still not easy for regular people to use the method on their own. At the present time, natural dye materials are getting made and sold more than ever, but there is a lot of confusion among consumers regarding the difference between traditional Korean dyeing and natural dyeing, as companies are using the two terms interchangeably to market their natural dye products. So getting a better understanding of the characteristics of traditional Korean dyeing and traditional colors should be considered first priority at this time. The purpose of this thesis is to study the traditional Korean view of color, which developed the culture of traditional dyeing in Korea, and the characteristics of traditional Korean dyeing, a method that pursued achieving Korea's color through natural dyeing.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.357-365
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• 2002

A survey was under taken of six district of Northern India viz. Bareilly, Pilibhit, Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital, Almora and Rampur. The age, breed, sex and physiological status recorded. A total number of 854 cattle examined out of which lactating (274 cases), non lactating (302 cases) heifers (128 cases), calves (82 cases) and adult male (68 cases) were examined. An incidence of 4.92 percent (42) of microfilarisis was recorded. The highest prevalence was observed in Rudrapur District of Udham Singh Nagar (33.33%, 4/12), followed by Lalkaun in Nanital District (21.74%, 10/46), Rampur (12.50%, 2/16), Bareilly (8.16%, 8/98) and Pilibhit (1.22%, 1/82). No infection was observed in Almora region. Amongst 854 cattle of different group incidence was highest in adult male (12.20%, 10/82), followed by non lactating (3.82%, 12/314) and lactating (2.70%, 2/74), (7.64%, 12/157) was found in Heifers. For haemeto-biochemical, serum minerals estimations and therapeutic study 32 animals suffering from filariasis and 18 healthy animals were taken. 16 animals were treated with ivermectin $@200{\mu}g/kg $ body weight. Effect of this disease on production has also been estimated for which body weight and milk production was observed. The main clinical manifestations observed were anaemia, loss of appetite, debility, oedematous swelling especially in the abdominal region, increased heart rate, and respiration rate. Haematological changes indicated decrease in hemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, erthrocyte fragility and neutrophil, whereas there was significant increase in erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR), total leukocyte count (TLC), lymphocyte and eosinophils. Biochemical changes showed significant reduction in the values of serum albumin, A : G ratio, where as there was significant increase in blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), globulin, total lipid, total cholesterol, phospholipids, serum bilirubin. Serum mineral profile also altered markedly, which indicate a significant decrease in Ca, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn with increase value of Na and Cl. There was no significant change in P and K values. Enzyme pattern in micro filaria infected animal indicated increased level of AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, ornithine carbamyl transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. In blood gas values and acid/base balance, there was an increase in $PVCo_2$ and $PVo_2$. It has been observed that microfilaria infected cattle showed decrease in body weight and milk production. Animal treated with ivermectin showed the return of these above values toward normalcy.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.391-400
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• 2017

The purpose of this paper is to present the effect of image stimulation on body stability as a conceptual model and to investigate the effect of image stimulus(2D, VR) on body stability(hand stability) through experiments Recently, stereoscopic images such as virtual and augmented reality are combined with smart phones and exercise equipments, and the diffusion is becoming active. The possibility of a safety accident or human error is also increasing as it temporarily affects the balance of the body and hand stability after the image stimulus is removed. The conceptual model is presented based on the results of previous studies. Based on the experimental results, the conceptual model has been explained in combination with the human information processing process and cognitive resource models that take place in the brain. Twenty subjects were exposed to 2D and VR stimuli, and display fatigue was measured by cybersickness questionnaire and hand stability by hand steadiness tester. Experimental results show that VR images induce higher display fatigue and lower hand stability than 2D. In this study, it is meaningful that hand stability according to image type and display fatigue level which have not been tried yet is revealed through conceptual model and experiment.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.599-611
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of food behavior on dietary food intake status and health condition based on research of food behavior and nutritional intake status of university students in the Chungnam area. The average age, height, and weight of the subject group were 22.1 years old, 174.2 cm, and 67.0 kg for the male students and 20.9 years old, 161.8 cm, and 53.4 kg for the female students, respectively. From the nutritional intake status data, the averaged daily energy intake of both groups, male and female, are lower than the dietary reference intake(KDRI), as 2,169.2 kcal and 1,846.2 kcal, males and females, respectively. The lipid intake ratio was higher than the dietary reference figure, and the carbohydrate intake ratio was determined to be in the proper range. Male students(54.6%) and female students(52.0%) of the entire subject group skipped a breakfast mainly due to insufficient time, and the time at which meals were consumed, was determined to be irregular generally. In a day, male and female students have a heavier dinner than lunch(p<0.05), respectively. Meat and fishes are preferred by the entire subject group, and the number of students, who do not eat carrot and mayonnaise(p<0.05), was determined to be the highest, of all foods surveyed. The averaged daily activity coefficient and the resting energy expenditure shows significant difference(p<0.001) between two groups; was 1.7 and 1.6 and the second was 1,404.3 kcal/day and 1,292.5 kcal/day for the male and female groups, respectively. As the number of attempting to reduce body weight(p<0.001), the amount smoking(p<0.001), or the frequency of drinking alcohol increases, BMI decreases. On the other hand, as body shape satisfaction increases, BMI increases also.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.1003-1009
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• 2000

Four young swamp buffalo cows of similar age ranging in body weight (W) between 280 to 380 kg and trained for doing physical exercise were used in two consecutive experiments, each using a latin square design, to determine energy expenditure for draught. The experiments consisted of field trials using 4 levels of work load, i.e. no work as control and loads amounting 450 to 500 Newton (N) continuous traction for respectively 1, 2 and 3 h daily for 14 consecutive days for experiment 1, and no work, traction loads equaling 5, 10 and 15% of W for 3 h daily for 14 days for experiment 2. Heart rate during rest and exercise was monitored using PE-3000 HR monitor. Cows were fed only king grass (Penisetum purpuroides) ad libitum and were subjected to balance trials. Body composition was estimated in vivo by the body density method and daily energy expenditure (EE) was calculated from ME minus RE. RE was calculated from the changes in body-protein and -fat measured before and immediately after the 14 d experimental period assuming an energy equivalent of 39.32 MJ/kg fat and 20.07 MJ/kg protein. $E_{exercise}$ ($EE_{work}\;-\;EE_{resting}$), which was the energy spent for doing the traction during 1, 2 and 3 h was 7.13, 15.45 and 19.90 MJ, respectively. $EE_{work}$ for the 1 h treatment group was 39.75 MJ/d equivalent to 1.30 times $EE_{resting}$. The values for the 2 and 3 h treatment groups were 1.75 and 1.86 times resting energy requirement, respectively. Absolute efficiency of work in all exercise trials of experiment 2 was around 27.28%. The increases of daily $E_{exercise}$ values were correlated to elevation of heart rate (HR) according to the equation $E_{exercise}=(0.270HR^{0.363}\;-\;1)$ MJ, while draught force related to heart rate according to the equation DF (N)=6.66 HR - 361.62. Blood glucose and triglyceride levels were gradually elevated with time during the course of exercise. Mean values of blood glucose were 91.7, 115.0 and 116.2 mg/dl for cows after 1, 2 and 3 h pulling loads at 15% W respectively as compared to 88.2 mg/dl prior to work. In the same order and treatment, mean blood triglyceride concentrations were 13.5, 13.3 and 14.8 mg/dl, and 11.5 mg/dl for control. For blood lactate, the values were 1.68, 1.63 and 1.66 mM, and 0.80 mM for control. Glucose was used as the major source of energy during the initial phase of exercise, but for prolonged work, fat will replace carbohydrate as the main substrate. Accumulation of lactate persisted for some time at the end of the exercise trials.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.97-110
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the ity, food habits and eating behavior of the college students. The responses of 1,112 students(male 468, female 644) to the questionnaire were analyzed. The results were summarized as follows: The means of height, weight were $174.1{\pm}5.1cm$, $66.0{\pm}8.1kg$ for males, respectively and were $164.3{\pm}6.0cm$, $50.7{\pm}5.3kg$ for female, respectively. The means of relative body weight(RBW) were $99.1{\pm}11.6$ for males and $91.2{\pm}10.3$ for females. Body mass index(BMI) were $21.8{\pm}2.5$ for males and $19.3{\pm}2.0$ for females. The rate of underweight, normal and obese on the basis of BMI was 19.9%, 71.5%, 8.6% for males, respectively and 68.4%, 30.4%, 1.3% for females respectively. Among underweight subjects, 59.3% answered that they had normal weight. 37.5% of normal weight subjects regarded themselves more obese or less obese than their actual body shape. Food habit score(out of a possible 50 points) was 29.4 in male and 29.3 in female, the score of self boarding students was the lowest among groups. Self boarding students had lower scores than the home-living students on the regularity of meals, eating time, protein intake, vegetable intake, lipid intake and food balance. The average meal frequency of the students was 2.46 times a day. Breakfast was skipped most frequently. Self-boarding students missed breakfast more often than other groups. The main reason of skipping breakfast was due to lack of time. The type of favorite snack was cookies and ramyun and in terms of snack time, most of the students had snack between lunch and dinner or after dinner. The rates of smoking and alcohol drinking were 29.8%, 76.7%, respectively and 25% of subjects exercised regularly. The results of this study suggest that a comprehensive nutrition education program is needed for college student to improve their eating habits about skipping meal and to maintain their health.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3513-3520
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• 2012

This study aimed to investigate the difference of the body orientation ability in sitting position to adapt to dynamically changing angle of the base of support in stroke patients and Healthy adults. The angle between vertical and head and trunk in 12 stroke patients (6 male and 6 female) and 12 healthy adults (6 male and 6 female) were measured by video motion analysis system. The head and trunk angle between stroke patients and healthy adults in sitting position were significantly different when increase the angle of dominant side(p<.05). The head and trunk angle between stroke patients and healthy adults in sitting position were significantly different when increase the angle of non-dominant side(p<.05). The head and trunk angle between stroke patients and healthy adults in sitting position were significantly different when decrease the angle of non-dominant side(p<.05). The head angle between stroke patients and healthy adults in sitting position was significantly different(p<.05), but the trunk angle was not significantly different when decrease the angle of dominant side(p>.05), Stroke patients compared to healthy adults had more deficits in their body orientation ability in sitting position to adapt to dynamically changing angle of the base of support. This finding may help to understand postural control deficits more clearly in stroke patients in sitting position.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1006-1015
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary calcium-salt, estrogen-treatment, and estrogen/calcium treatment on calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen metabolism. Female Sprague-Dawley rats with a body weight of 250~280g were underwent ovariectomy or sham-operation. The ovariectomized rats were divided into 9 different experimental groups including the saline-treated group, the estrogen-treated group, the high calcium salt-treated group, and the estrogen/calcium treated groups and fed for 6 weeks. Each group daily intake and excretion of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen were measured and apparent digestibility and balance were also studied. The results were as follows: The excretion level of winn calcium was significantly higher the ovariectomized rats than the sham-operation group(p<0.01) and reduced with estrogen treatment but this difference was not statistically significant. Fecal loss of calcium was higher the ovariectomized rats than the sham-operation group(p<0.001). When the estrogen was treated, fecal loss was decreased and then apparent digestibility of calcium was increased. Calcium balance was significantly higher the high calcium treated groups than the control diet groups. The excretion level of urinary Phosphorus was higher the ovariectomized rats than sham-operation group, while these showed to be decreased in the calcium salt, the estrogen and the estrogen/calcium treated groups(p<0.01). Fecal loss of phosphrous was higher in the ovariectomized rats. When the estrogen was treated, the fecal loss was decreased in the avariectomized rat than that of other groups. The excretion level of urinary nitrogen was higher the ovariectomized rats than the sham-operation, while these showed to be decreased in the estrogen, the estrogen/calcium, and the estrogen gradually reduction/calcium intensification. Fecal loss of nitrogen was decreased in tile estrogen treated group. The results in this study showed that high calcium, estrogen/calcium and estrogen gradually reduction/calcium intensification in the ovariectomized rats enhanced calcium balance compared to the ovariectomized rats without calcium treatment, but little effects on the phosphorus and nitrogen balance.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.535-542
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• 2010

This study was carried out to examine anthropometric parameters and related habits in female college students. Mean age, height, and body weight of the subjects in total (n=212) were 20.7 yrs, 161.8 cm, and 53.5 kg, respectively. Anthropometric parameters were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Mean degree of obesity, body mass index (BMI), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were 98.4%, $20.6\;kg/m^2$, and 0.80 respectively. Surprisingly, 63.7% of the subjects showed unbalanced weak upper bodies compared to their lower bodies. Therefore, they were divided into two groups: unbalanced weak upper body group (UU, n=135) and balanced upper body groups (BU, n=77). Bodyweight, degree of obesity, BMI, and WHR in the UU group were significantly lower than those in the BU group. Amounts of body protein, body fat, and body mineral in the UU group were also significantly lower than those of the BU group. Mid-arm muscle circumference of the UU group ($18.5{\pm}0.8\;cm$) was significantly lower than those of BU group ($20.4{\pm}1.2\;cm$), although mid-arm circumference of the UU group was not significantly different compared to those of the BU group. On a questionnaire on exercise habits, 1.5% of the UU group and 7.8% of the BU group answered that they exercised regularly, and 55.5% of the UU group and 31.2% of the BU group reported that they never exercised (p<0.01). Even in the subjects who exercised, the duration of the exercise was not sufficient because 38.4% of the UU group and 35.8% of the BU group answered that they exercised for less than 30 min. In conclusion, interventions in exercise habits may be needed for female college students who have unbalanced weak upper bodies.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between nutritional status of iron and bone minernl density in premenopausal women. In the study, we classified the subjects into osteopenia (-2.5-I, n=29) groups according to their lumbar spine bone mineral density. Anthropometric measurements, dietary intake analysis and blood biochemistry measurements were performed on the subjects. The average ages of those in the osteopenia and normal groups were 22.2 yrs and 23.0 yrs, respectively, with no significant difference. The average body mass index (p<0.05) of those in the osteopenia group (19.6) was significantly lower than that of the normal group (21.3). The mean protein intake of those in the osteopenia group was significantly lower than that (p<0.05) the subjects in the normal group. The osteopenia group consumed a significantly lower amount of iron (p<0.05) and non-heme iron (p<0.05) compared to the normal group. The intakes of total food, vegetables and milk of those in the osteopenia group were significantly lower than those of the subjects in the normal group. The serum ferritin (p<0.001) level of those in the osteopenia group was significantly lower than those of the subjects in the normal group. In conclusion, a balance of iron status may be helpful in the prevention of bone mass loss in premenopausal young women.