• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.230-239
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• 1999

Digital color doppler ultrasonographic system(DCDUS) has a lot of diagnostic functions. One of these is a detection of low velocity vessels in the organs of abdominal cavity. The purpose of study was to determine the clinical usefulness of DCDUS. Interlobar artery resistive index(RI), pulsatility index(PI) and systolic diastolic ratio(SDr) were measured for diagnosis of obstructed urinary tract. RI, PI and SDr were a measure of intrarenal blood flow impedance. This study was consisted of 2 groups. The normal group was studied in 16 normal adult dogs and the study group was studied 7 dogs with surgically induced, unilateral ureteral obstruction. In the study group, parameters were checked in normal condition and on 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10th day after ligation. The result were summarized as follows. In the normal group, RI, PI and SDr of the left kidney was $0.65{\pm}0.04$, $1.25{\pm}0.12$ and $292.45{\pm}29.40$, respectively. RI, PI and SDr of the right kidney were $0.64{\pm}0.05$, $1.28{\pm}0.20$ and $282.25{\pm}37.26$, respectively. In the study group, RI of the left kidney induced ligation was increased significantly on 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10th day. RI of the left kidney on 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10th day were $0.75{\pm}0.05$, $0.71{\pm}0.03$, $0.74{\pm}0.04$, $0.74{\pm}0.02$, $0.73{\pm}0.02$ and $0.73{\pm}0.04$, respectively. PI of the left kidney was increased significantly on 1, 3, 5 and 7th day. PI of the left kidney on 1, 3, 5 and 7th day were $1.57{\pm}0.21$, $1.54{\pm}0.24$, $1.60{\pm}0.15$ and $1.60{\pm}0.26$, respectively. SDr of the left kidney increased significantly on 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7th day. SDr of the left kidney on 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7th day were $412.18{\pm}86.69$, $352.14{\pm}47.05$, $399.77{\pm}65.54$, $369.43{\pm}48.34$ and $365.57{\pm}22.46$, respectively(p<0.05). In the study group, RI of the left kidney was more increased than that of the right kidney on 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10th day. PI of the left kidney was more increased than that of the right kidney on 1, 3, 5, and 7th day. SDr of the left kidney was more increased than that of the right kidney on 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7th day(p<0.05). RI was effective in the diagnosis of an acute unilateral ureteral obstruction. PI and SDr were insufficient in the diagnosis of an acute unilateral ureteral obstruction.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1975

It is a great value to find an early detection of involvement of ureteric obstruction in the carcinoma of cervix. Little or no knowledge of the condition of the kidneys or the lower urinary tract are able to elucidate by the biochemical studies such as blood nitrogen or urine creatinine in carcinoma of cervix. Findings of urography delineates the condition of urinary tract stasis in the renal pelvis and ureters, however, slight stasis maybe difficult to demonstrate. On the other hand isotope nephrography is accepted as a sensitive method to observe renal function especially in regarding to the excretory function of kidney. It was attempted to analysis the findings of urography conjunction with isotope nephrography in 50 cases of unselected patients with invasive carcinoma of cervix through pre and post irradiation follow up studies. Urography was done as a routine procedure and.analysed emphasising changes of collecting systems and ureter condition. Isotope nephrography was carried out by means of $15{\mu}ci\;I^{131}$-Hippuran injected intravenously and the curves were analysed as follows. Parameter were; time of maximum amplitude ($T_{max}$), half time of maximum amplitude ($T\frac{1}{2}$), Kac and Kex value calculated from these two parameters in Tobe's method. The excretion index by Aurell defines the ratio between the maximum activity and the activity measured on the slope of the third phase ten minites after it has reached its maximum. Results: 1. 28.8% had an abnormal IVP suggestive of ureteric involvement before irradiation therapy and the patient of stage III and IV were the great part. 2. 21.7% had abnormal findings of per-irradiation renogram whom showed normal IVP. The other group showed normal IVP which group also showed normal renogram prior irradiation. 3. The more severe the ureteric involvement, the change of excretion index was greater. 4. Even in stage I and II patient, abnormal renogram was revealed in 12 cases (39.4%) among 31 cases. 5. All cases of TAH showed abnormal findings of IVP and renogram. 6. No. definite change of renogram was obtained just after the irradiation therapy (point $A:8000{\sim}9000rads,\;B:5000{\sim}6000rads,\;Co:11000{\sim}13000rads$). Each 3 month follow up study was performed and comparing with preirradiation study which showed significant changes of excretion index of renogram were 42.8% in $6{\sim}9$ month follow-up and 75% in $9{\sim}12$ month, respectively. 7. It seems to be important to observe the parameter Kex and excretion index of renogram to determine early abnormality of kidney excretory function by means of post-irradiation follow up study.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2010

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two choline alphoscerate soft capsules, Gliatilin soft capsule (Daewoong Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.) and Cholicerin soft capsule (Sam Chun Dang Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Serum concentrations of choline after oral administration of choline alphoscerate were determined using a validated LC/MS/MS method. This method showed linear response over the concentration range of 0.5-20 ${\mu}g$/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The lower limit of quantitation using 100 ${\mu}L$ of serum was 0.5 ${\mu}g$/mL which was sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic studies. Thirty six healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the choline alphoscerate dose of 1200 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals up to 8 hr. $AUC_t$ (the area under the serum concentration-time curve from time 0 to 8 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (the maximum serum drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (the time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the serum concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters, indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for Cholicerin/Gliatilin were log0.9998-log1.1172 and log0.9938-1.0944, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of log0.80-log1.25. Thus, the criteria of the KFDA guidelines for the bioequivalence was satisfied, indicating Cholicerin soft capsule and Gliatilin soft capsule are bioequivalent.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.29-34
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• 2002

Our previous studies investigated that narrow field of view (FOV : 50˚) and slow navigation speed decreased the frequency of occurrence and severity of cybersickness during immersion in the virtual reality (VR). It would cause a significant reduction of cybersickness if it were provided cybersickness alleviating virtual environment (CAVE) using biofeedback method whenever subject underwent physiological agitation. For verifying the hypothesis, we constructed a real-time cybersickness detection and feedback system with artificial neural network whose inputs are electrophysiological parameters of blood pulse volume, skin conductance, eye blink, skin temperature, heart period, and EEG. The system temporary provided narrow FOV and decreased speed of navigation as feedback outputs whenever physiological measures signal the occurrence of cybersickness. We examined the frequency and severity of cybersickness from simulator sickness questionnaires and self-report in 36 subjects. All subjects experienced VR two times in CAVE and non-CAVE condition at one-month intervals. The frequency and severity of cybersickness were significantly reduced in CAVE than non-CAVE condition. Virtual environment of narrow FOV and slow navigation provided by electrophysiological features based artificial neural network caused a significant reduction of cybersickness symptoms. These results showed that efficiency of a cybersickness detection system we developed was relatively high and subjects expressed more comfortable in the virtual navigation environment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.249-255
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• 2014

In this study, the products of Acanthopanax senticosus fermentation were derived from the mycelia of 2 mushrooms, Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus linteus, to determine their safety in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were orally administered the water extracts of A. senticosus fermentation products with G. lucidum (FM-5111) or P. linteus (FM-5131) at dose levels of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg for the single-dose toxicity test and 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 g/kg for the repeated-dose toxicity test. There were no significant differences in body weight gain, feed intake, or water consumption between control and FM-5111- or FM-5131-treated rats. Hematological and blood biochemistry analysis revealed that none of the investigated parameters were affected by the A. senticosus fermentation products, and no remarkable lesions were observed upon histopathological analysis. We conclude that the A. senticosus fermentation products obtained from mushroom mycelia are safe for long-term administration and could be considered as multi-functional nutrients for the improvement of liver function and immunity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.521-530
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• 2013

Protein-energy malnutrition, PEM, and increased hs-CRP level are considered to be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. This is commonly referred to as the vicious circle of malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (MIA syndrome) in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Low protein intake can decrease the serum level of albumin and increase inflammational markers; further, both low serum albumin and high hs-CRP are independent risk factors for all-cause mortality in HD patients. The aim of this study is comparing the serum levels of albumin and hs-CRP in HD patients according to the protein intake levels. The total number of subjects was 60 hemodialysis patients; they were grouped by dietary protein intake: low protein intake group (LPI, protein intake < 1.0 g/kg IBW, 11 men and 19 women) and adequate protein intake group (API, protein intake ${\geq}$ 1.0g/kg IBW, 12 men and 18 women). Blood biochemical parameters, nutrient intake, and dietary behaviors were compared between the LPI and API groups. The LPI group showed a significantly lower serum level of albumin and higher serum level of hs-CRP than the API group (p < 0.05). The LPI group showed a significantly lower intake of most nutrients than the API group (p < 0.05). Index of Nutritional Quality of most nutrients of the LPI and API groups were lower than 1.0. Dietary protein intake was positively correlated with the serum level of albumin (r = 0.306, p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with the serum level of hs-CRP (r = -0.435, p < 0.01). The serum level of hs-CRP was negatively correlated with that of albumin (r = -0.393, p < 0.01). According to these result, serum albumin and hs-CRP in HD patients were influenced by the protein intake levels. To prevent MIA syndrome, it is necessary to improve nutritional status, especially in protein and energy.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.388-393
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of rutin against whole-body ${\gamma}$-irradiation in BALB/c mice. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to 6 Gy ${\gamma}$-irradiation. One hour later, mice were orally administered rutin (50 and 100 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days. ${\gamma}$-Irradiation (6 Gy) resulted in cellular damage as manifested by elevated levels of plasma hepatic marker enzymes and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue, accompanied with decreased spleen and thymus indices, and white blood cell count. In addition, ${\gamma}$-irradiation significantly decreased the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Rutin treatment significantly protected against ${\gamma}$-irradiation-induced cellular damage, which was evident by the improvement in the status of most of the investigated parameters. Therefore, rutin has beneficial effects against radiation-induced damage.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develop a portable and convenient closed-loop contrel type electrical stimulator for patients with foot drop. This system restores walking movement as well as prevents from atrophy or necrosis of lower limb muscles and increases blood circulation in hemiplegic patients caused by traffic accident, industrial disaster or stoke. This system detects the changes of the ankle joint angle during walking, and then controls the stimulus intensity automatically to maintain the programmed level of the ankle joint angle. Also, this automatic system controls the stimulus intensity which is affected by increased electrode impedance resulting from long time use. The system detects the joint angle by an optical sensor and includes modified PID control which adjusts the stimulus intensity if the joint angle deviates from the preset value. Stimulus parameters are 30~80 volt, 40 Hz, and 0.2 ms. The system was applied to five hemiplegic patients for 42 days. Duration of stimulation was 15 min/day for the first week and then the duration was gradually increased to 30, 60, 90 and 120 min/day. The muscle force was increased up to 29.7%, muscle fatigue was decreased compared with the level before stimulation and the pattern of locomotion was improved. These results suggest that the electrical stimulator with closed-loop control type is more convenient and effective in restoration of locomotion of patients with foot drop than open-loop system.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.1063-1068
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• 2014

We investigated the effects of feeding rate on the growth performance and blood components of sub-adult olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Optimum feeding rate (initial fish mean weight : $370{\pm}5.72g$) was determined under the low water temperature. Two replicated groups of fish were fed a commercial diet at rates of 0%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6% body weight (BW) per day, and to satiation (0.75%). Feeding trial was conducted under a flow-through system with 12 1.2-metric ton aquaria receiving filtered seawater at $12-14^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) for fish fed at 0.6% BW per day was significantly higher than that of unfed fish (0%) and fish fed at 0.3% and 0.4% BW per day. There were no significant differences in WG and SGR among fish fed at 0.5%, 0.6%, and 0.75%. These parameters were negative and significantly lower in the starved fish than in fish fed the experimental diet at all feeding rates. Survival for unfed fish (0%) was significantly lower than that of fish fed at 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6%. Hematocrit and hemoglobin content of fish fed at 0% and 0.75% (satiation) were significantly lower than that of fish fed at 0.4% BW per day. Total protein content in unfed fish was significantly lower than those in other treatments. Broken-line regression analysis of weight gain showed that the optimum feeding rate of olive flounder weighing 370 g was 0.51% BW per day at the low water temperature.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.32.1-32.6
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• 2016

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of two different sizes of extruded pellets (EP) ($EP_1$ - 3 mm or $EP_2$ - 5 mm) and a moist pellet (MP) in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, reared in semi-recirculation system. A total of 450 fish with an average initial weight of $5.0{\pm}0.2g$ (mean ${\pm}$ SD) were fed one of the three experimental diets in triplicate groups. At the end of a 6-week feeding trial, weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed efficiency of fish fed EP diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed MP (P < 0.05). Water quality parameters like turbidity, total ammonia nitrogen, and total phosphorous from tanks of fish fed $EP_1$ and $EP_2$ were significantly lower than those from tanks of fish fed MP. Blood plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glucose concentration were significantly higher in fish fed MP diet compared to fish fed EP diets (P < 0.05). Whole body crude protein contents in fish fed EP diets were higher than those from the fish fed MP diet. Whole body amino acid content like threonine, aspartic acid, serine, tyrosine, and cystine were found to be significantly higher in fish fed EP diets than those in fish fed MP diet. In considering overall performance of olive flounder, $EP_2$ diet could be recommended for the successful aquaculture of this important fish species.