• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.286-292
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• 2015

Fatty acid (FA) composition of longissimus dorsi intramuscular fat in Black Yak and Chinese Yellow Cattle were evaluated in 44 Black Yak and 41 Chinese Yellow Cattle of both genders. Interactions of species with gender were observed for total saturated fatty acid (SFA), unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, EPA, and DHA concentrations, as well as PUFA/SFA ratio in the longissimus dorsi (p<0.05). The SFA percentage was greater in yellow cattle than yak in both genders but the species difference in heifers was greater than in steers (p<0.05). Yak had greater UFA, MUFA and PUFA percentages than yellow cattle in both steers and heifers (p<0.05) but the difference between yak and yellow cattle heifers was greater than yak and yellow cattle steers. The percentages of inolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid; and PUFA/SFA were greater in yak than yellow cattle in both steers and heifers (p<0.05). In addition, the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA in yak was lesser than in yellow cattle (p<0.05). These results indicated that FA composition generally differed between yak and yellow cattle but the differences were not the same in heifers as compared to steers. Results also suggested that species differences in FA composition tended to favor Black Yak over Chinese Yellow Cattle, indicating that the longissimus dorsi of Black Yak may have a higher nutritive value than that of Chinese Yellow Cattle and potential for development as a desirable natural product.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.433-446
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• 2021

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to analyze the case of the transparent PET bottle resource circulation project of BYN Black Yak Co., Ltd., present implications, and propose ways to spread it in the future. Methods: In this study, the logic of the Double Diamond Model is applied to analyze the development process of sustainable fashion made from BYN Black Yak Co., Ltd.'s PET Bottle Resource Circulation System. Results: The K-rPET Resource Circulation Project of BYN Black Yak Co., Ltd. is recognized as a best example for its contribution to eco-friendly activities, solving social problems, raising consumer awareness, and sharing recycling habits. Before the plastic bottle becomes a garment, five steps are taken (discharge of PET bottle → collection of PET bottle → recycling of PET bottle → fabrication of yarn → production of the finished product out of the fabric). BYN Black Yak Co., Ltd. has successfully commercialized it by recycling reverse-recovery PET bottles by making solutions to problems that have not been solved at each stage. Conclusion: In addition to efforts to find and strengthen weak links presented in the Theory of Constrains (TOC), it appears to have systematically carried out activities to convert stakeholder discomforts into a package of gain points. As shown in the slogan "We are all in!" the proposal and implementation for the completion of a true environmental system is judged to have truly performed ESG management well for the company's business. ESG management activities at BYN Black Yak Co., Ltd. are expected to continue.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.99-116
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• 2010

There is now intense competition among many outdoor brands in the domestic market. Establishing differentiated brand image and enhancing brand identity are very important in this situation. This case is to investigate Black Yak's strategy for enhancing their brand identity. The Black Yak builds up their popularity by implementing social responsibility activities along with sustaining their extreme traditional outdoor image. It is effective to step up their brand identity. Future challenges and suggestions are discussed at the end.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2003

Phytoestrogens, especially soy-derived isoflavones, are receiving great scrutiny as a food supplement for preventing hormone dependent disease such as postmenopausal osteoporosis. Their beneficial effects are derived from aglycone form of isoflavones, such as daidzein, genistein or glycitein. In contrast to the common usage of soybean, black bean (Rhynchosia Molubilis : Yak-kong) has been used as a supplement for preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis in oriental medicine. To investigate the effects of the saliva, artificial stomach fluid, and digestive enzymes on the conversion of glycosidic isoflavone to aglycone form, soybean and black bean were extracted with 70% methanol and freeze-dried. The recovery yield of methanol extracts of black bean was 14.1% which was higher than that of soybean, 13.5%. In terms of total isoflavones, we routinely obtained larger amount of isoflavones from black bean than those from soybean. By incubating methanol extracts of soybean and black bean with IN HCI for 180 min, the proportions of aglycones relative to the total isoflavone were significantly increased (32.4% and 52.4%, respectively). In vitro conversion, digestive enzymes ($\beta$-glucosidase and $\alpha$-glucosidase) may hydrolyze glycosidic bond of isoflavone more effectively than saliva or artificial stomach fluid did. It seems to say that the activity of $\beta$-glucosidase was higher than those of $\alpha$-glucosidase. The rate of conversion of glucoside form to aglycone form in black bean and soybean was low in physiological condition (pH) tested, although the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucoside was active. These results demonstrated that the composition of aglycone in food may be the important factors in terms of the bioavailability of isoflavones. (Korean J Nutrition 36(1): 32-39, 2003)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.1727-1735
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• 2013

This study is carried out to investigate the analysis of nutrition and antioxidants of soybean Chungkukjang powder (SCP), Yak-Kong Chungkukjang powder (YCP) and Yak-Kong Chungkukjang powder added black foods (YCBP) for the management of Alzheimer's disease. The water content of YCBP was higher than that of SCP and YCP. The soluble and crude protein contents of YCP were the highest among three Chungkukjang powders. In SCP, YCP and YCBP, the ratios of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids were 5.17, 5.76, and 5.78, respectively. The mineral content of SCP was higher than that of YCP and YCBP. Antioxidants analysis showed that the content of diadzein was the highest in YCP and genistein, and anthocyanin contents were higher than the others in YCBP. In conclusion, YCP and YCBP had higher contents than SCP in soluble and crude proteins, and unsaturated fatty acids, which are needed for composition and function of the brain tissue. Also, it was found that the contents of diadzein, genistein and anthocyanin with outstanding antioxidative ability were high. Thus, this study suggests that Chungkukjang powder, which is made with Yak-Kong, black sesame, black rice and sea tangle, can be utilized for in vivo experiment for the control of oxidative stress, reported as cause and therapy for Alzheimer's Disease.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.653-659
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• 2003

A 20 MHz pulsed NMR systems was employed to discriminate the geographical origin of soybeans and black beans (yak-kong) from Korea and foreign countries. Crude fat contents measured by soxhlet method were significantly (p<0.05) different between domestic and imported soybeans. Moisture and crude protein contents, measured by AOAC, were significantly different between domestic and imported black beans. In soybeans, values by solid fat content method and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) method using 20 MHz pulsed NMR showed the significant difference among soybeans from various the geographical origins. In black beans (yak-kong), NMR values measured by NMR except $T_1$ SR pulse sequence revealed the significant difference by the geographical origins. The habitat of soybeans and black beans could be identified by canonical discriminant analysis of chemical composition with $70{\sim}91.7\;%$ accuracy. Low field NMR data followed by discriminant analysis, however, granted the 100% of accuracy for classification of soybeans.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.447-453
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• 2012

Various types of tea are consumed as a popular beverage worldwide particularly in Asian countries such as Korea, China, and Japan. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mineral contents, antioxidant properties and anticancer activity of Yak-Sun tea that is prepared by six oriental medicinal herbs. The results of the mineral contents were as follows; Ca, Mg, and Na contents were higher than those of green tea, whereas Fe, P, and K contents were lower than those of green tea. The total phenolics and flavonoid content of the Yak-Sun tea were higher than those of green and black teas. The $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging of Yak-Sun tea were 0.78, 1.58, and 2.04 $mg/m{\ell}$, respectively, whereas the radical scavenging values of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was 0.06, 0.05, and 0.09 $mg/m{\ell}$, respectively. When cancer cells were treated with Yak-Sun tea, the anticancer activity increased in a dose dependent manner. HCT116 colon cancer cell lines were dramatically increased, as compared to other cancer cell lines, such as MCF-7, H460, and MKN45 cell lines. The results of this study demonstrated that Yak-Sun tea could function as a tea to enhance health conditions for antioxidant and anticancer activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.309-315
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• 2003

Nutritional composition, contents of phenolic compounds, and antioxidative activities of small black soybean were investigated. Proximate composition of the soybean was crude fat, crude protein, carbohydrate, and crude ash at 15.9, 34.7, 38.5, and 3.7%, respectively. Potassium was the predominant mineral, followed by phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. Glucose and galactose were the major sugars. Twelve different kinds of fatty acids were identified in whole soybean, dehulled soybean, and soybean hull. The 75% methanol and ethyl acetate extract fractions from the soybean hull contained total phenolic compounds at 4.64 and 13.53 g/100 g, respectively. The methanol extract of soybean hull showed strongest antioxidative activity among samples tested. Ethyl acetate fraction of the soybean hull exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity at level similar to those of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ and BHT. Phenolic compounds were the major biological components in the soybean hull. These results suggest that small black soybean can be used as a new material for functional food.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1994

This study is designed to delve into the measuring systems of different periods so as to help with more exact representations of cultures of different periods. The basis of the measuring system in china stems from the huangjong (Huangzhong : the yellow bell) of the period of Huangdi, the length of the bell being the width of 90 black millet grains. Do (Du : width) ; 1 bun=the width of one black millet grain, 1 Chon=10 Buns, 1 Chuk=10 Chons, 1 Jang=10 Cheoks, 1 In=10 Jangs. Ryang (Lyang : volume) ; 1 Yak=the weight of 1,200 grains in the yellow bell, 1 Hab=2 Yaks, 1Seung=10 habs, 1 Du=10 Seungs, 1 Gok=10 Dus. Hyung (Hung : weight) ; 12 Jus=the weight of 1 Yak, 1Yang=24 Jus are equal 1 Hab in weight, 1 Geun=16 Ryangs, 1 Jo=30 Geuns, 1 Seo=4 Jo. In the era of Eun (In) it was decided that the 9-chon length of the Yellowbell shall be 1 Cheok. The Cheok of Ju was set at 4/5 of the length of the yellow bell. The Cheok of Ju breaks into Yongjocheok, Joryegicheok, Pogeumcheok. Yongjocheok, arising from Rohbancheok of the Ju period, is part of Gokcheok also used as a measuring tool for wooden works. The Han cheok has the same length as the yellow bell. The Sang Cheok is 4/5 of the length of the yellow bell. The Tang Cheok was originally the same as the Sang cheok but became longer and longer to be the Long cheok (31.3cm). The length-measuring system used in the three-nation era of Korea includes the gijeom cheil (35.52cm), Ju cheok (25.45cm), sunje Cheok (23.5cm), the Long Tang Cehok (29.706 cm), making 10 Bun 1 Chon and 10 Chon 1 Cheok. The volume-measuring system(Seung) was 198.81 ㎤ before 681 BC in the shilla Dynasty and was 596.42 ㎤ after that. In the seventh year of Kng Munjong of the Koryo dynasty the standard measuring system with the Long Tang Cheok as its basis was adopted, and the standard volume-measuring tools were used under the name of Migok, Daesodugok, Mijangdu, (29.706 cm), making 10 Bun 1 Chon and 10 Chon 1 Cheok. The volume-measuring system(Seung) was 198.81㎤ before 681 BC in the shilla dynasty and was 596.42 ㎤ after that. In the seventh year of King Munjong of the Koryo dynasty the standard measuring system with the Long Tang Cheok as its basis was adopted, and the standard volume-measuring tools were used under the name of Migok, Daesodugok, Kijangdu, Habseung and gokseok. The 1 Seung volumes of theses toolas were 596,447,927 and 1053㎤, respectively. were called Migok, Daesodugok, Mijangdu, Habseung and Gokseok, being respectively 596,447,927, 1053 ㎤, respectively. In the Chosun Dynasty the length of the Yeongjocheos was 27.6 cm or 31.220 in the Sejong era, 29.8 from Heonjong through Gojong, and 30.3 cm after the 6th year of King Kwangmu, and the volume of Du(Mal) also changed like 4.121 or 5.964, 5.187, 23.08 $\ell$, and the 1-Jeonjung also changed like 2.66 or bout 4, 3.45, 3.75 in line with the changes of the length system.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2000

Phytoestrogen has been used as a suppliment of estrogen in order to treat osteoporosis. The representative phytoestrogens, isoflavones, are daidzein, genistein and formononetin which were present highly in our traditional soybean foods. The quantitative analysis of the isoflavone was done with a high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) using a UV/VIS detector for the contents of the isoflavones in Astragali Radix, soybean sprouts, bean-curd(Tofu), soybean, soybean oil, pea, kidney pea, black bean(Yak-kong), soybean sauce(Ganjang). soybean paste(Doenjang), and fermented soybean(Maejoo). The content of free daidzein in soybean sprouts was $43.49{\pm}3.41\;mg/kg$$ which was much higher than that in soybean, $14.52{\pm}0.58\;mg/kg$, although total daidzein of fermented soybean was lower than that in soybean (Table 2. P<0.01). The amounts of free genistein in soybean sprouts, fermented soybean. and soybean paste were $27.63{\pm}1.66\;mg/kg,\;291.52{\pm}6.81\;mg/kg,\;and\;18.75{\pm}1.33\;mg/kg$, respectively. The level of free formononetin in soybean paste was the highest among the soybean products (P<0.01). The content of formononetin in Aatragali Radix, $9629.73{\pm}0.57\;{\mu}g/kg$, was about 160 times higher than that in soybean. Thus Korean traditional soybean products, black bean(Yak-Kong) and Astragali Radix can be a good choice of phytoestrogens.