• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.310-313
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• 2009

A single cross, Pyeonganok, is an yellow flint-like maize hybrid (Zea mays L.) developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2008. This hybrid, which has a high yield of dry matter was produced by crossing two inbred lines, KS140 and KS94. KS140 is the seed parent and KS94 is the pollen parent of Pyeonganok. Silking date of Pyeonganok is 3 days later than that of check hybrid, Kwangpyeongok. Stay-green of Pyeonganok is not greatly different with that of Kwangpyeongok. It has resistance to lodging. It has moderately resistance to Bipolaris maydis (southern corn leaf blight), Exserohilum turcicum (northern corn leaf blight), and corn borer but sensitivity to black streaked dwarf virus (BSDV). Pyeonganok was evaluated for the yields of dry matter at four locations from 2006 to 2008. The yields of Pyeonganok in dry matter was 20.84 ton/ha. Seed production of Pyeonganok has gone well due to a good match during crossing between the seed parent, KS140 and the pollen parent, KS94 in Yeongwol.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.477-482
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• 2014

Variation of anthocyanin contents were analyzed by different growing environments, three locations over three years with 3 black colored soybeans. Anthocyanin contents were different according to growing location, genotypes and planting time, so it can be concluded that anthocyanin content was effected by environmental and genetic variation. Planting date seemed to have a much greater influence on anthocyanin content than cultivar and location. Among different planting dates, anthocyanin contents increased in the seeds planted on June 15 rather than did May 30 and May 15. Compared with 3 cultivars and 3 locations, Ilpumgeomjungkong and Yeonchun had higher contents such as 11.58 mg/ and 9.85 mg/g, respectively. The correlations between color index and anthocyanin content were analyzed by Hunter'value. L (lightness) and b (yellowness) values were correlated negatively with D3G, C3G, Pt3G and total anthocyanin content while a (redness) value was correlated positively. The correlations between meteorological factors and anthocyanin content were analyzed. Anthocyanin content was correlated negatively with mean temperature and accumulated temperature whereas mean daily temperature difference showed positive correlation. We could conclude that the area in which mean temperature was low and daily temperature difference was high is good for attempts to improve black soybean seed quality by the increase of anthocyanin contents.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.255-259
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• 1995

Improvement in potential Crop yield could be achieved through either the improve-ment of source potential or sink capacity, but preferably both simultaneously. The field experiment was performed to evaluate the genotypic difference in partitioning of dry matter into each plant part in response to photosynthetic manipulation as well as to assess whether the soybean yield is source or sink-limited. Four soybean genotypes, which were 'Baekunkong', 'Suwon 168', and two local soy-beans with black seed coat(hereafter referred to as the 'black soybean', 'Kangleungjarae' and 'Keumleungjarae', were grown in four different environments in which one or two layers of shading net during grain filling and two different planting densities(55,000 and 110,000 plants $ha^{-1}$) were applied to manipulate photosynthesis. Significant effects of genotype (G), photosynthetic manipulation(P), and$G^p$P were shown in top and grain dry weight. Relative grain to top dry weight was the lowest in soybean plants grown at 110,000 plants$ha^{-1}$and covered with two layers of shading net during grain filling, Evaluation of dynamic changes in shoot harvest index in response to photosynthetic manipulation treatments revealed that sink was more limited in local black soybeans than Suwon 168 and Baekunkong, indicating that the availability of photosynthate during grain filling did not limit the grain yield in local black soybeans when compared to Baekunkong and Suwon 168.oybeans when compared to Baekunkong and Suwon 168.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 2012

In this study we examined the changes in expression of pigments in black rice during kernel development, which were sampled at 2~3-day intervals to the 40th day after flowering. The first expression of pigment on kernels was observed on the seed coat about 5 days after flowering. At that times, the ratio of pigment expression was 0.08% of total area. The order in expression of pigments in black rice during kernel development was top first, followed by bottom, dorsal side, then ventral side. Maximum percentage of the total colored area in kernel was about 25 days after flowering. After that, the color has changed to dark purple from pale purple during kernel development after flowering. After harvesting, the non-uniform color kernels were observed. As a result, the ventral side in a kernel was a position of the non-uniform color such as a mixture of pale purple and dark purple. Also, we could be concluded that patten of pigment expression was similar in kernel development.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2008

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid and accurate analytical method for determining the composition of agricultural products and feeds. This study was conducted to measure anthocyanin contents in black colored soybean by using NIRS system. Total 300 seed coat of black colored soybean samples previously analyzed by HPLC were scanned by NIRS and over 250 samples were selected for calibration and validation equation. A calibration equation calculated by MPLS(modified partial least squares) regression technique was developed in which the coefficient of determination for anthocyanin pigment C3G, D3G and Pt3G content was 0.952, 0.936, and 0.833, respectively. Each calibration equation was applied to validation set that was performed with the remaining samples not included in the calibration set, which showed high positive correlation both in C3G and D3G content file. In case Pt3G, the prediction model was needed more accuracy because of low $R^2$ value in validation set. This results demonstrate that the developed NIRS equation can be practically used as a rapid screening method for quantification of C3G and D3G contents in black colored soybean.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.241-246
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• 2004

To develop novel anti-aging peptides from the germinated black rice, we treated with bromelain, papain and Pronase E. And we investigated the effects of the germinated black rice peptide (GBRP) as anti-aging cosmetic ingredients, and compared with the non-germinated black rice protein (NBRP). We investigated the effects on in vitro inhibition of matrix-metalloprotease (MMP), proliferation of human skin fibroblasts, stimulation of collagen synthesis and expression of UVA-induced MMPs in human skin fibroblasts, UVA induced MMP-1 expression and collagen contents in human skin fibroblasts were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). As a result, the molecular weight distributions of GBRP and NBRP were determined by gel permeation chromatography to be approximately 900 and 10,000 daltons. GBRP increased skin cell proliferation about 40% and reduced UVA-induced MMP-1 expression about 50%. Also the collagen protein level of cells, which were cultured with GBRP, was increased about 25%. These results suggest that the geminated plant seed peptides can be novel anti-aging ingredients for cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.257-261
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• 2013

Rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) and mice were utilized as in vitro and in vivo models to determine the neuroprotective effects of a 70% acetone extract of black soybean seed coat (BSSCE). BSSCE showed higher total phenolic contents than other extracts. Intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation from $H_2O_2$ treatment of PC12 cells was significantly reduced when BSSCE was present in the media compared to PC12 cells treated with $H_2O_2$ only. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium-bromide (MTT) reduction assay and lactate dehydrogenase assay also showed significantly increased protective effects in PC12 cells. In addition, BSSCE improved the in vivo cognitive ability against amyloid beta peptide-induced neuronal deficits.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.215-222
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• 1996

This study was conducted to compare the growth and yield, and to determine the optimum planting date and density in two improved black soybean varieties. The two varieties were planted by driller attached a tractor on May 21 and June 19, 1993, and treated five planting densities, respectively. Yield of Gumjeongkong 1 was similer for both planting dates, but that of Suwon 157 was remarkably reduced on June 19 planting compared to May 21. There was significant differences between planting dates in stem length, number of branches, seeds per plant, seed weight and yield. Planting density, also, significantly affected on stem length, number of branches and seeds per plant. Statistically significant interactions between planting date$\times$variety and planting date$\times$planting density were found at almost all characteristics, except between variety$\times$planting density. Optimum planting date and density of Gumjeongkong 1 for high yield were June 19 and 33, 000 plants per l0a, and those of Suwon 157 were May 21 and 22, 000 plants per l0a, respectively. The coefficient of variation at different planting densities was high at stem length, number of branches, seeds per plant and yield, but low at number of main stem node, seeds per pod and 100 seed weight.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.485-491
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• 2017

This study examined the germination characteristics by collecting fruits and pretreatment of the diaspore from April 2014 to June 2015 to investigate the diaspore characteristics, seed dispersion, and seed germination characteristics of two myrmecochorous spring ephemerals (MCSE): -Jeffersonia dubia (Jb) and Corydalis remota (Cr)-. The diaspore of Jb was about 5mm-long yellow-dark brown, oblong seeds with the attached amorphous white elaiosome. The mean weights of diaspore, seed, and elaiosome were 15.86mg, 13.46mg, and 2.40mg, respectively, and the elaiosome ratio was 15.13%. The diaspore of Cr was about 1.2mm diameter and glossy black ovoid seeds with the attached white spatula-shaped elaiosome. The mean weights of diaspore, seed, and elaisome were 2.58mg, 2.05mg, and 0.53mg, respectively, and the elaiosome ratio was 20.54%. Camponotus niponensis and Formica japonica transported the diaspore of Jb while Formica japonica and Lasius japonicus transported the diaspore of Cr. The germination percentage of Jb seeds was statistically significant and had the significance level of 1% with the pretreatment and date of sowing. However, it was independent of attachment of elaiosome. The mean germination percentages of Jb seeds was 65.0% during sowing on June 20, 17.5% during sowing on August 19, and 0% during sowing on October 20. The germination percentage of Cr was statistically significant and had the significance level of 5% and 1% with the attachment of elaisome and date of sowing, respectively. The mean germination rates were 54.17% and 35.0% in the non-treatment section and the treatment section with elaisome detached, respectively. The mean germination percentages of Cr seeds was 75.0% during sowing on June 20, 53.75% during sowing on August 19, and 5.0% during sowing on October 20. Considering the fact that the ants transported the diaspores to the ant house when the fruits of MCSE were ripened and dropped the seeds, the direct seeding right after collecting may be most suitable to the characteristics of the evolution of these plant species and may be the best method to obtain the highest germination percentages. Since the ants distribute their seeds, the MCSE produces and attaches the elaiosome to the seed to maintain the symbiotic relationship with ants. The ants then transport the seed to the ant house where the environment is controlled for suitable temperature and humidity, and then the MCSE succeeds in germination after the embryo grows sufficiently in the next spring.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to obtain the basic informations on variability of germplasm and cultivation practice for the production of biodiesel in sunflower. A total of 275 accessions obtained from the National Agrobiodiversity Center (34 landraces from Korea, 219 and 22 introductions from America and other countries, respectively) were screened to evaluate variations of seed characteristics, oil content and fatty acid composition. Seed types were classified into 4 types (broad ovoid, narrow ovoid, rounded and elongated). The broad ovoid type was the highest proportion of 40.4%, while the elongated type was the lowest proportion of 5.0% among accessions. Also, the seed colors were classified into 4 colors (gray, brown, black and white). Gray and brown seed color showed the highest distribution and white seed color showed the lowest among accessions, respectively. Hundred and one liter seed weight ranged 2.9~15.5g and 178~439g with averages of 6.3g and 322.0g, respectively. Oil content ranged from 11.7% to 45.6% with an average of 25.5%. The frequency distribution of oil content showed the highest in range of 22~28% and the lowest in range of over 40%. Three promising accessions with higher oil content than 40.0% were IT031967, IT031970 and IT031965 introduced from America. Palmitic and stearic acid contents, saturated fatty acid, ranged 3.1~7.6% and 1.3~4.1% with averages of 4.7% and 2.2%, respectively, and a total content of saturated fatty acid ranged 5.4~9.4% with an average of 6.9%. Oleic and linoleic acid contents, unsaturated fatty acid, ranged 18.1~75.7% and 18.1~74.1% with averages of 55.2% and 38.0%, respectively. Five accessions, IT031831, IT031669, IT031895, IT031938 and IT031694, showed higher oleic acid content than 70%. A total content of unsaturated fatty acid ranged 89.6~94.8% with an average of 93.0%.