• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2014

Copper ($CuSO_4$) has been widely used to control algae and pathogens in fish culture ponds. However, its toxic effects on fish depend not only on its concentration in water but also on water quality. The susceptibility of the rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli to copper was evaluated at three water-temperatures (WT; 18, 23 and $28^{\circ}C$) for 4 days. After the exposure of two copper concentrations (100 and $200{\mu}g/L$), a hematological effect was exerted on rockfish, by causing changes in red blood cell count and hematocrit value at $28^{\circ}C$. Total protein levels of the fish showed a tendency of co-increase with glucose depend on the WT, after copper exposure. However, the plasma calcium and magnesium levels were significantly increased at $200{\mu}g/L$ copper, regardless of the WT. Enzymes activities including ALT and LDH in serum were also significantly increased depend upon the copper treatment only. This indicates that inorganic components and enzymes activities were sensitive indexes to stress by toxicant such as copper. The cortisol levels were significantly elevated by both WT rising and copper treatment in serum of rock fish. In conclusion, these changes can be seen as an initial response to temperature stress and as a sustaining response to copper exposure. The present findings suggest that a simultaneous stress by temperature change and copper exposure could accelerate an alteration of hematological and plasma biological parameters in the rockfish.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2005

Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematde, Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon strain (ScP) was evaluated against different larval stages(2nd, 3-4th and 5th) of Anomis commode and Anomis mesogona(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in petri dish and pot. The $LC_{50}$ values were increased in proportion to larval stage of A. commoda and A. mesogona. $LC_{50}$ value of ScP against 2nd instar of A. commoda and A. mesogona was 9.7 and 4.5, respectively. The 2nd instar of both species was also susceptible to ScP in pot test. That is, mortality of 2nd instar of A. commode and A. mesogona was higher representing $72.5\%\;and\;87.5\%$ 5 days later after treatment, respectively, when ScP was applied at the ,ate of 90,000 infective juveniles(Ijs) per $pot(=1\times10^9\;Ijs/ha)$. However, susceptibility was decreased from 3rd instar. Mortality of 5th instar of A. commoda and A. mesogona was $5.0\%\;and\;10.0\%$, respectively, at the rate of 90,000 Ijs/pot. When ScP was applied into pot including mixed larval stages from 2nd to 5th instar(10 larvae far 2nd instar, 10 larvae for 3rd - 4th instars, and 10 larvae for 5th instar) at the rate of 90,000 Ijs/pot, mortality of A. commoda and A. mesogona was $69.2\%\;and\;50.0\%$, respectively.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.48-62
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• 2009

1. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the physical and psychological characteristics of each Sasang type groups which were classified by Sasang medicine specialist. 2. Methods: The subjects were 115 (85.2% of male) university students with $26.8\pm5.4$ yrs. of age and $12.9\pm1.7$ yrs. of education. We can get 30 of Soyang type, 39 of Taeeum type, 46 of Soeum type after the Sasang type classification. Their physical characteristics were measured with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (Inbody 720, Biospace, Seoul), and psychological characteristics with Temperament and Character Inventory (Maumsarang, Seoul). The general linear model (SPSS 12.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago) were used for the analysis with gender and age as covariance. 3. Results and Conclusions: Taeeum type group ($75.64\pm13.01$, $26.12\pm4.16$, $15.74\pm2.42$, $11.30\pm1.80$, $3.93\pm0.62$, $18.43\pm7.70$) showed significantly bigger weight, intra-cellular water, extra-cellular water, protein, mineral, body fat mass than Soeum type group ($61.32\pm8.56$, $22.54\pm3.87$, $13.70\pm2.15$, $9.74\pm1.68$, $3.35\pm0.51$, $10.79\pm3.97$). In obesity degree such as Body Mass Index and Waist-hip ratio, and circumference measures in chest, waist and hip, we found significant differences in the order of Taeeum>Soyang>Soeum. As a psychological perspectives Soyang type group ($41.90\pm13.32$) has higher NS (Novelty-Seeking) score than Soeum type group ($35.22\pm11.22$) with marginal significance (p=0.052). In sub-scale measurements Soeum type group ($10.61\pm3.69$) has significantly lower value than other two groups in P3 (Ambition). The results of present study showed that Taeeum type by specialist has same physical characteristics as previously reported QSCC II based studies. Temperament profile of each Sasang type group will serve as an important evidence for further study showing that the Sasang typology has biological basis.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.785-790
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• 2015

As an alternative to large-scale clear cutting silviculture, strip clear cutting (SC) is being considered as a system compatible with ecological conservation and forest regeneration. In South Korea, application and effectiveness of SCC in varying forest types were rarely found. In this study, under the subject of strip clear cutting lands of pinus densiflora forest at Samcheok, Gangwon-do Province, the developmental aspect of low vegetation prior to and after deforestation and the correlation between environmental factor and pine regeneration were analyzed. The cover rate of understory vegetation was appeared to be increased after deforestation and rapidly increased two years after deforestation, and it was evaluated to be affected by vigorous tree species and photophilic species. From the perspective of relative importance value, Quercus mongolica, Artemisia keiskeana, and Rubus crataegifolius that influence the cover rate showed the inclination of continuous growth. The diversity of species showed increment inclination as well due to introduction and settlement of early transient species. As a result of analyzing the correlation between vegetation and environmental factor and generation of pine tree size, the soil exposure rate, intensity of light, and canopy openness showed positive relationship, and the understory vegetation cover and woody debris cover rate showed negative relationship.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.902-910
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• 2012

This study has been carried out to determine the effects of disturbances from wild boar grubbing on the functions of ecosystem. The experiments was performed in Mt. Jumbong of Long-term Ecological Research Sites of the Ministry of Environment. We measured soil physical properties, soil respiration($CO_2$), microbial biomass C, and soil enzyme activities from both disturbed and control plots. The disturbance sites were divided into two parts, mounds and pits. Soil organic matter contents were highest value at the control plots and lowest at the pit plots, respectively at 20.22% and 15.52%. The soil bulk densities were highest at the pit plots. Soil microbial biomass C and $CO_2$ evolution were significantly higher at the control plots compared to the disturbed plots. The results were positively correlated with soil organic matter contents. The cellulase activity and invertase activity in the soil showed similar pattern as the microbial biomass C and $CO_2$ evolution results. The cellulase activity and invertase activity in the soil were positively correlated with soil microbial biomass C. Soil organic matter contents seemed to affect the soil enzyme activities. The nitrate reductase activities were highest at the pit plots, which showed positive correlation with soil bulk density. The study results showed that the grubbing disturbances by wild boars induced the changes in soil properties, which affected soil microbial activities.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.278-285
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• 2012

Cymbidium goeringii is one of the most important and popular species in the orchid family in north-east Asia. In the present study, we prepared multiplex PCR system, and used it for the genotyping of eight simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers (CG409, CG415, CG709, CG722, CG787, CG1023, CG1210, and CG1281) in subject with 40 samples of cultivated varieties. All the analyzed samples showed different combined genotypes. The average combined power of discrimination was very high value of $7.14{\times}10^{-10}$, and observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.466) was similar with two wild populations of C. goeringii, which may indicate no or little occurrence of genetic change after collection from wild habitats. The present study also developed a two-dimensional barcode to express information of genotype results of eight SSR markers (SSR DNA ID). The discrimination power of DNA ID between two individuals will be statistically more than 99.999999%. The SSR DNA ID and two-dimensional barcode may be very usefully applied for the discrimination and maintence of cultivars of C. goeringii.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.221-234
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• 2016

The application of animal manure on farm fields is one of the most economical ways. However, the continuous application of manure in paddy fields might change soil properties influencing the growth of rice plant. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the changes in selected chemical and biological properties of soils and rice production as affected by the applications of two different fertilizer sources, which were the consecutive applications of liquid swine manure (LSM) and chemical fertilizer (CF), during the three experimental years, from 2012 to 2014. Application amount of LSM was based on 100% of nitrogen fertilizer recommendation rate for rice cultivation estimated by soil testing. Plant height and tiller number in rice at the first year of liquid swine manure manure plot were lower than those of chemical fertilizer plot. Height and tillers of rice in liquid swine manure plot were higher than those of rice in chemical fertilizer plot after consecutive application for 3 years. Rice yield In the first year of application was decreased by 7% than that of chemical fertilizer, but the yield of rice in the third year of application in LM 100% plot was increased by 8% compared to the chemical fertilizer. Toyo-taste value of milled rice in LM 100% was decreased by increasing of protein contents and decreasing rate of perfect grain. The K and Zn contents in the soil were increased in the plots of consecutive LSM application. The results implied that the liquid manure may neither decrease the yield of rice and nor increase soil properties except K and Zn in the soil, and decrease rice quality.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2012

While the natural gas supply industry has continuously been growing, its potential hazard has also risen since the natural gas facilities essentially require installations that carry highly flammable and pressurized gas close to the populated areas, posing a serious consequence of significant property damage as well as human casualties in the event of accident. Therefore Quantitative Risk Assessment (QAR) has been recognized as a appropriate method to reduce the risk as far as possible, considering the reality of unachievable zero-risk. However, it is hard to perform effective QRA on hundreds of gas facilities because of insufficient number of expert and long-term analysis. In this paper, we suggest a conceptual QRA system framework to support more efficient risk analysis in gas supply facilities. In this system, the experts make questionnaires and internal calculation formula needed in accident frequency/consequence analysis of the facility through pre-analysis on the point of analysis, called incident point, and general users locate the point on the map and input the value required by the questionnaire to obtain the risk. Ultimately, this is suggested based on the idea that the specialization is available in QRA analysis process and the validity of the system is verified through actual system construction and application.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.15
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• pp.6109-6113
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• 2014

Background: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with molecular subtypes that have biological distinctness and different behavior. They are classified into luminal A, luminal B, Her-2 and triple negative/basal-like molecular subtypes. Most of breast cancers reported in Indonesia are already large size, with high grade or late stage but the clinicopathological features of different molecular subtypes are still unclear. They need to be better clarified to determine proper treatment and prognosis. Aim: To elaborate the clinicopathological features of molecular subtypes of breast cancers in Indonesian women. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of 84 paraffin-embedded tissues of breast cancer samples from Dr. Sardjito General Hospital in Central Java, Indonesia was performed. Expression of ER, PR, Her-2 and Ki-67 was analyzed to classify molecular subtypes of breast cancer by immunohistochemistry. The relation of clinicopathological features of breast cancers with molecular subtypes of luminal A, luminal B, Her-2 and triple negative/basal-like were analyzed using Pearson's Chi-Square test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Case frequency of luminal A, Luminal B, Her-2+ and triple negative/basal-like subtypes were 38.1%, 16.7%, 20.2% and 25%, respectively. Significant difference was found in breast cancer molecular subtypes in regard to age, histological grade, lymph node status and staging. However it showed insignificant result in regard to tumor size. Luminal A subtype of breast cancer was commonly found in >50 years old women (p:0.028), low grade cancer (p:0.09), negative lymph node metastasis (p:0.034) and stage III (p:0.017). Eventhough the difference was insignificant, luminal A subtype breast cancer was mostly found in small size breast cancer (p:0.129). Her-2+ subtype breast cancer was more commonly diagnosed with large size, positive lymph node metastasis and poor grade. Triple negative/basal-like cancer was mostly diagnosed among <50 years old women. Conclusions: This study suggests that immunohistochemistry-based subtyping is essential to classify breast carcinoma into subtypes that vary in clinicopathological features, implying different therapeutic options and prognosis for each subtype.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.1282-1289
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• 2001

One feeding trial and two metabolic trials were conducted to investigate the effects of lysine to protein ratio in practical swine diets on growth performance and efficiency of nitrogen retention and utilization in different growing phases. In Trial one (the feeding trial), 90 mixed sex pigs weighing $9.1{\pm}1.4kg$ (Duroc ${\times}$ Landrance ${\times}$ Beijing Black) were used to study the effects of concentrations of 5.2, 5.3, 5.8, 6.4 and 7.2 g lysine/100 g CP in diets containing 1.2% lysine on growth performance and serum urea nitrogen. The results showed that feed conversion efficiency and economic efficiency were best for pigs fed the diet containing the lysine concentration of 5.8 g /100 g crude protein. Serum urea nitrogen concentration decreased linearly (p=0.0009) and serum free lysine content increased linearly (p=0.0017) as the lysine to protein ratio in diets increased from 5.2 to 7.2 g/100 g. In Trials two and three (the metabolic trials), five growing barrows (Duroc ${\times}$ Landrance ${\times}$ Beijing black), with initial body weights of approximately $26{\pm}2.4kg$ and $56.3{\pm}3.5kg$, respectively, were allotted to five dietary treatments according to a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design. Trial two contained 5.2, 5.7, 6.1, 6.7 and 6.8 g lysine/100 g CP treatments. Trial three contained 4.6, 5.0, 5.6, 6.1 and 6.6 g lysine/100 g CP treatments. The results showed that nitrogen retention in growing pigs decreased linearly (p=0.0011 in Trial two; p=0.0099 in Trial three) as the lysine to protein ratio in diets increased. The ratio of lysine to protein in diets resulting in maximum nitrogen retention was 5.2 g/100 g and 5.0 g/100 g in Trial two and Trial three, respectively. In Trial two, apparent biological value and gross nitrogen efficiency increased linearly (p=0.0135 and p=0.0192, respectively) as the lysine to protein ratio increased from 5.2 to 6.8 g lysine/100 g CP. In summary, we concluded that the optimal Lysine to Protein Ratios for 8-20 kg and 20-80 kg pigs were 5.8 g/100 g and 5.0 to 5.2 g/100 g, respectively.