• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.550-555
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• 2013

6M KOH 수계 전해액에 potassium poly(acrylate) (PAAK)를 3 wt% 포함시켜 제조한 하이드로겔을 poly(acrylonitrile)부직포 분리막에 코팅하고, 이를 활성탄 수퍼커패시터의 분리막 및 전해질로 사용하여 수퍼커패시터의 고율특성 향상을 시도하였다. 이 분리막 및 전해질은전자현미경 관찰 결과 PAAK 하이드로겔이 부직포의 표면기공에 균일하게 코팅되어 있으며, 24일 동안 하이드로겔의 합습도가 230% 이상으로 균일하게 유지되었고, 6 M KOH 전해액을 사용한 경우($3.6{\times}10^{-2}Scm^{-1}$)보다 약간 낮은 $2.9{\times}10^{-2}Scm^{-1}$의 이온전도도를 나타내었다. 활성탄을 활물질로 사용한 대칭형 수퍼커패시터에 이 분리막 및 전해질을 채택한 경우 사이클릭볼타메트리 시험에서 $1000mVs^{-1}$의 고속스캔 조건에서도 $27Fg^{-1}$ 이상의 높은 비축전용량과 1000 사이클 경과후에도 97% 이상의 유지율을 나타내는데, 이는 부직포 상에 코팅된 PAAK 하이드로겔 전해질이 활성탄 전극과 부직포 분리막 사이에서 강력한 계면밀착을 유지할 수 있기 때문이다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.332-336
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 정수처리 중에서 BAC(Biological activated carbon) 처리의 생물분해능과 같이 NOM의 생분해성 부분을 제거하고자 로프형 미생물 담체를 침전조에 적용하는 공정을 시도하였다. 다양한 운전조건을 적용하여 DOC와 UV$_{254}$ 그리고, 탁도 제거효과를 평가하였는데, 담체 설치는 일반적인 정수처리 공정을 모사한 pilot plant에 첫 번째로 아무 전 처리도 거치지 않은 팔당원수를 바로 지나도록 하였고(Media 1), 두 번째는 팔당원수를 오존으로만 전처리한 후 지나도록 하였으며(Media 2), 세 번째는 전 오존과 응집-침전과정이 끝난 후 지나도록 하였다(Media 3). 원수의 DOC 농도는 1.3~3.4 mg/L이고, UV$_{254}$는 0.027~0.039 ($cm^{-1}$ /)이며, 탁도는 0.3~4.5 NTU 였다. 평균 DOC 농도는 media 1, 2, 3에서 각각 2.2 mg/L, 1.8 mg/L, 1.3 mg/L를 보였다. 반면에 침전조에서는 1.5 mg/L의 농도를 보여 media 3에서 가장 높은 제거량을 나타내었다. 평균 UV$_{254}$ 값은 media 1, 2, 3에서 각각 0.037 ($cm^{-1}$ /), 0.027 ($cm^{-1}$ /), 0.014 ($cm^{-1}$ /)를 나타내었으며, 침전조에서의 UV$_{254}$ 값은 media 3와 비슷한 0.014 ($cm^{-1}$ /)를 보였다. 평균 탁도는 media 1, 2, 3에서 각각 1.1 NTU, 0.9 NTU, 0.5 NTU를 나타내었다. 위의 결과를 보면 로프형 미생물 담체 침전조는 일반적인 침전 공정에 바로 적용할 수 있는 경제적인 장치로 활용 가능할 것이다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.1174-1179
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• 2008

Many modeling and calibration methods have been developed to analyze and design the biological wastewater treatment process. For the systematic use of activated sludge model (ASM) in a real treatment process, a most important step in this usage is a calibration which can find a key parameter set of ASM, which depends on the microorganism communities and the process conditions of the plants. In this paper, a standardized calibration protocol of the ASM model is developed. First, a weighted effluent quality index(WEQI) is suggested far a calibration protocol. Second, the most sensitive parameter set is determined by a sensitive analysis based on WEQI and then a parameter optimization method are used for a systematic calibration of key parameters. The proposed method is applied to a calibration problems of the single carbon removal process. The results of the sensitivity analysis and parameter estimation based on a WEQI shows a quite reasonable parameter set and precisely estimated parameters, which can improve the quality and the efficiency of the modeling and the prediction of ASM model. Moreover, it can be used for a calibration scheme of other biological processes, such as sequence batch reactor, anaerobic digestion process with a dedicated methodology.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.339-349
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• 2013

Biological treatment of RO concentrate from wastewater reuse process is known to be very difficult due to its high concentration of non-degradable organics and salt ions such as chloride, nitrate and phosphate. In this research, the treatment performance of MBR was examined using RO concentrate mixed with raw wastewater as the influent of MBR. Addition of PAC (powdered activated carbon) to MBR was also evaluated in order to enhance the treatment performance and stability. The performance of MBR for treating only RO concentrate decreased gradually although external carbon source was added. The average removal performance of MBR with and without PAC decreased from 99.1 %(98.8 %) to 94.9 %(91.4 %) for COD, 81.3 %(80.3 %) to 42.0 %(41.9 %) for T-N and 57.3(55.0 %) to 30.0 %(21.0 %) for T-P with the increase of RO concentrate mixing rate of 0 % to 20 % in the feed water. Addition of PAC showed positive effect on the performance of MBR for the removal of COD and phosphorus in case that the ratio of RO concentrate to feed water increased.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.26-31
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• 1998

Removal of nitrogen and phosphate in wastewater is concerned to important for the prevention of eutrophication in receiving water and lake. Conventional activated sludge system designed for organics removal can be retrofitted only by modification of aeration basin to maintain anaerobic and aerobic state. Biological nutrient removal processes(BNR) such as Bardenpho, A$^{2}$/O, UCT, VIP were generally used for the treatment of wastewater. However these BNR processes used in large scale WWTP were not suitable in small scale WWTP(i.e., package type WWTP) due to relatively large fluctuation of flow rate and concentration of pollutants. The purpose of this research was to develop the compact, effective and economical package type WWTP for the removals of carbon and nitrogen in small scale wastewater. Intermittently aerated activated sludge system (IADFAS) were investigated for removal of nitrogen in both domestic wastewater, Bardenpho process was also evaluated. Nitrogen removal of IAAS, IADFAS, Bardenpho were 75, 77 and 67%, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1019-1027
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• 2009

A noncompartmented microbial fuel cell (NCMFC) composed of a Mn(IV)-carbon plate and a Fe(III)-carbon plate was used for electricity generation from organic wastewater without consumption of external energy. The Fe(III)-carbon plate, coated with a porous ceramic membrane and a semipermeable cellulose acetate film, was used as a cathode, which substituted for the catholyte and cathode. The Mn(IV)-carbon plate was used as an anode without a membrane or film coating. A solar cell connected to the NCMFC activated electricity generation and bacterial consumption of organic matter contained in the wastewater. More than 99% of the organic matter was biochemically oxidized during wastewater flow through the four NCMFC units. A predominant bacterium isolated from the anode surface in both the conventional and the solar cell-linked NCMFC was found to be more than 99% similar to a Mn(II)-oxidizing bacterium and Burkeholderia sp., based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The isolate reacted electrochemically with the Mn(IV)-modified anode and produced electricity in the NCMFC. After 90 days of incubation, a bacterial species that was enriched on the Mn(IV)-modified anode surface in all of the NCMFC units was found to be very similar to the initially isolated predominant species by comparing 16S rDNA sequences.

• 공업화학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.92-98
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 페놀계 활성탄소를 다양한 불소 분압(0.01~0.03 MPa)으로 불소화를 실시하였으며, 불소화된 활성탄소의 6가 크롬 흡착 특성을 조사하였다. BET와 XPS 결과로부터, 불소화 처리된 활성탄소는 비표면적 및 총 기공부피가 각각 24.7, 58.8% 증가되었으며, 활성탄소 표면에 불소 관능기가 도입됨을 알 수 있었다. 불소 분압이 0.02 MPa일 때, 크롬이온 흡착에 최적화된 표면처리 조건임을 확인하였다. 또한, 초기농도 300 mg/L에서 98%의 제거효율을 나타내었으며, 이러한 결과는 미처리 활성탄소와 비교하여 약 3배 증가됨을 알 수 있었다. 한편, 불소화된 활성탄소의 크롬이온 흡착은 미처리 활성탄소와 대조적으로 30 min 이내에 완료되었으며, 이러한 현상은 페놀계 활성탄소의 표면에서 크롬 이온과의 친화성 증가에 의한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.1551-1558
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• 2015

In Korea, many drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) have introduced and are going to introduce biological activated carbon (BAC) process to treated dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water which are difficult to control by conventional water treatment processes. Even though more decade have passed since introduced BAC in Korea, most of BAC operating method was followed to the modified sand filter operating manuals. In case of BAC backwashing, many DWTPs set the periods of backwashing about 3~5 days. In this study, we have collected data to set the proper BAC backwashing periods from both pilot-plant and real DWTPs. We had measured heterotrophic plate count (HPC), turbidity, water temperature, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and headloss from just after backwashing to the next backwashing time for two years. Considering water quality factors, the BAC run time from backwashing to the next backwashing could extend more 30 days without water quality deterioration if the head loss do not reach the limited level which depends on each BAC facilities' condition. It means the BAC treated water could be saved in the proportion of extended the backwashing period to the existing backwashing period.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2013

The concentration of organic compounds was analyzed at each step of BAC process though $BDOC_{total/rapid/slow}$. Further, bacteria communities and biomass concentrations measured FISH and ATP methods were analyzed. The bed volume (BV) of steady state is different from that of based on assessment of organic compounds removal. Bed volumes in DOC, $BDOC_{rapid}$ and $BDOC_{total/slow}$ removal at steady state were around 27,500 (185.8 day), 15,000 (101.4 day) and 32,000 (216.2 day), respectively. A biomass didn't change after the bed volume reached 22,500 (152.0 day) according to analyzing ATP concentration of bacteria. The concentration of ATP was 2.14 ${\mu}g/g$ in BV 22,500 (152.0 day). The total bacterial number was $4.01{\pm}0.4{\times}10^7$ cells/g at the bed volume 1,150 (7.8 day) (the initial operation) and the number of bacteria was $9.27{\pm}0.2{\times}10^9$ at the bed volume 58,560 395.7 day) that increased more than 200 times. Bacterial uptrend was reduced and bacterial communities were stabilized since BV 18,720 (126.5 day). When BV were 1,150 (7.8 day), 8,916 (60.2 day), 18,720 (126.5 day), 31,005 (209.5 day), 49,632 (335.3 day), 58,560 (395.7 day), a proportion of total bacteria for the Eubacteria were 60.1%, 66.0%, 78.4%, 82.0%, 81.3% respectively. ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria group was the most population throughout the entire range. The correlation coefficient ($r^2$) between Eubacteria biomass and ATP concentration was 0.9448.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.857-864
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 겨울철 수온강하, 여름철 우천시 표류수 중의 고탁도 물질 및 봄, 가을철의 조류성장 시기 등을 고려하여 기존의 급속모래여과시스템을 이단 이층 복합여과시스템으로 개량하는 기술을 개발하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 본 기술은 기존 여과지의 개량 또는 신설 여과지 설계시 또 다른 부지의 확장 없이 기존 모래여과지를 대체하는 기술로서 하부집수장치 상부에 모래 + 활성탄 층을 두고 활성탄 층 상부에 일정한 간격의 역세 팽창층을 두고 전 처리의 개념으로 중간집수장치 위에 모래층을 두는 이단 이층 복합여과시스템을 말한다. 본 연구에서는 이단이층 복합여과시스템을 경기도 S 정수장에 소규모 파일롯 플랜트를 설치하였으며, 탁도는 INTU 이하로 안정하게 유지되었고, TOC, THMFP, HAAFP는 약 90%정도 제거되어 S정수장에 비해 약 2배 정도 높았으며, 이는 본 시스템의 하단에 충전된 활성탄층에서의 흡착 및 생물분해 효과에 기인된 것으로 판단된다.