• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.633-641
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• 2021

Objective: The effects of adding fermented feed to a pelleted total mixed ration (PTMR) on the growth performance of lambs remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the feed efficiency and productivity of lambs that were fed PTMR containing fermented soybean meal (FSM) or wheat bran (FWB). Methods: Sixty 90-d-old hybrid lambs were randomly allocated into 12 pens (5 lambs/pen) that were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments (3 pens/treatment) with PTMR (basal diet), 2% FSM, or Lactobacillus- or yeast-FWB (L-FWB or Y-FWB) addition in the basal diet. Results: The findings showed that lambs fed 2% FSM supplemented diet had enhanced (p<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and carcass yield (p = 0.015), while they had a decreased (p = 0.006) feed conversion ratio compared to that of other three groups. Inclusion of FSM or FWB in PTMR improved (p<0.05) the nutrient digestibility, while it reduced the urea nitrogen content in serum compared to the PTMR group. Additionally, the decreased ratio of N excretion to ADG (p<0.01) was observed with FSM and L-FWB supplementation compared with the PTMR and Y-FWB groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, feeding the fermented feed-supplemented diet improved nutrient digestibility and growth performance, and 2% FSM-supplemented diet exhibited superior production-promoting efficiency to lambs.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the supplementary effect of a phytogenic blend (SPA: a mixture containing fermented Schisandra chinensis pomace, fermented Pinus densiflora needle extract, and Allium tuberosum powder in the ratio of 2:2:1) on egg production, egg quality, blood constituents, and visceral organs in laying hens. Methods: A total of 135 Hy-line brown laying hens (48-wk-old) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments with 5 replicates of 9 hens. The control group (CON) was fed a basal diet (no exogenous SPA addition) and the experimental groups were fed the basal diet containing SPA at the level of 0.1% and 0.3% for 6 weeks. Results: The feed intake was significantly improved in SPA supplemented groups as compared with the control (p<0.05). However, egg production, daily egg mass, and feed conversion ratio were not different among the dietary treatments (p>0.05). For egg quality traits, only Haugh unit (HU) was significantly improved in SPA (0.3%) (p<0.05) as compared with other groups. However, HU was not affected during 4-wk of storage at 18℃ among the dietary treatments (p>0.05). Furthermore, SPA supplementation did not affect the blood biochemical constituents except for the phosphate content, which was significantly higher in SPA groups than the CON group (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in visceral organ characteristics and immune indicators (immunoglobulin A [IgA], IgG, and IgM) in SPA or CON groups. Conclusion: This study suggested that the supplementation of SPA may have beneficial effects on feed intake and egg quality in laying hens.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.625-633
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• 2011

A long-term water quality monitoring in the Han River Basin reveals a consistent increasing trend for the concentration of refractory organic matter (R-OM) in major monitoring sites of the watershed. Because the determination of R-OM concentrations typically requires a long time of microbial incubation, it is essential to present the estimation indices for R-OM for an efficient watershed management. In this study, a number of surface water samples were classified into three groups, each of which were collected from Lake Paldang, rivers at rain and non-rain events, respectively. The corresponding R-OM concentrations were correlated with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations as well as ultraviolet and fluorescence intensities of the filtered samples. Among the traditional organic matter parameters, TOC exhibited the highest correlation coefficient with the R-OM concentrations regardless of the types of the sample groups. The equations for conversing TOC into R-OM concentrations were finally suggested as $0.43{\times}TOC+1.12$, $0.44{\times}TOC+0.61$, $0.24{\times}TOC+1.28$ for river samples at rain and non-rain events, and lake samples, respectively. TOC-BOD(C), the values of the TOC concentrations subtracted by carbon-converted BOD concentrations, was a good index for estimating the absolute concentrations of R-OM. UV absorbance at 254 nm was well correlated with R-OM concentrations of river samples while fluorescence intensities at 350 nm showed an excellent relationship with R-OM concentration of the lake samples. Our results suggests that simple spectroscopic parameters could be applied for in-situ monitoring tool techniques in watersheds.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.298-303
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• 2021

Comparative genomic analysis was performed on eight species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-Lactococcus (L.) lactis, Lactobacillus (Lb.) plantarum, Lb. casei, Lb. brevis, Leuconostoc (Leu.) mesenteroides, Lb. fermentum, Lb. buchneri, and Lb. curvatus-to assess their glutamic acid production pathways. Glutamic acid is important for umami taste in foods. The only genes for glutamic acid production identified in the eight LAB were for conversion from glutamine in L. lactis and Leu. mesenteroides, and from glucose via citrate in L. lactis. Thus, L. lactis was considered to be potentially the best of the species for glutamic acid production. By biochemical analyses, L. lactis HY7803 was selected for glutamic acid production from among 17 L. lactis strains. Strain HY7803 produced 83.16 pmol/μl glutamic acid from glucose, and exogenous supplementation of citrate increased this to 108.42 pmol/μl. Including glutamic acid, strain HY7803 produced more of 10 free amino acids than L. lactis reference strains IL1403 and ATCC 7962 in the presence of exogenous citrate. The differences in the amino acid profiles of the strains were illuminated by principal component analysis. Our results indicate that L. lactis HY7803 may be a good starter strain for glutamic acid production.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.1205-1214
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• 2022

Objective: Spent ginger is a byproduct of juice extraction from the rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Despite its nutritional value, it is difficult to preserve or further process and thus is often wasted. This study uses spent ginger as a substrate for fermentation and cultivates spent ginger yeast cultures (SGYCs) that are then added to the feed of laying hens. The effects of SGYCs on production performance, egg quality, serum composition, and intestinal microbiota of laying hens were investigated. Methods: Eighty 60-week-old Hy-Line Brown hens were separated into 5 experimental groups with 4 replicates per group (4 hens per cage, 4 cages per replicate). The control group was fed a basal diet while experimental groups were also given SGYCs at the levels of 5, 10, 20, and 40 g/kg for 6 weeks. Results: The addition of SGYCs significantly increased the laying rate and nutrient digestibility, decreased feed conversion ratio, and enhanced the color of egg yolks (p<0.05). No changes were observed in activity levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the serum (p>0.05), but the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and peroxidase all significantly increased, and contents of malondialdehyde were significantly reduced (p<0.05). In addition, changes in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes might be the main factor contributing to the significant increase in the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fat in laying hens (p<0.05). Conclusion: The current evidence shows that dietary supplementation of SGYCs to the feed of laying hens can improve laying rates, enhance antioxidative defenses, and influence dominant intestinal bacteria.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.1286-1300
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of sodium long chain polyphosphate (SLCPP) and effect of dietary supplementation of SLCPP on growth performance, organ characteristics, blood metabolites, and intestinal microflora of broilers. Antimicrobial activities of SLCPP were observed against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica ser. Pullorum, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in agar well diffusion assay. In addition, SLCPP demonstrated good anti-biofilm activity against K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, to investigate the dietary effect of SLCPP, a total of 480 1-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to three dietary treatment groups (4 replicates per group, 40 birds in each replicate): an antibiotic-free corn-soybean meal basal diet (NC); basal diet + enramycin 0.01% (PC); and basal diet + 0.1% SLCPP (SPP). The experiment lasted for 35 days. Results showed that birds fed with SLCPP had higher body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG), and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the grower phase (days 7 to 21) (p < 0.05). Except for blood urea nitrogen, all other blood biochemical parameters remained unaffected by the dietary supplementation of SLCPP. Compared to the control group, lengths of the duodenum and ileum in the SPP group were significantly shorter (p < 0.05). Moreover, counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total aerobes, and Streptococcus spp. in jejunum as well as LAB in cecum were increased in the SPP group than in the PC group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that dietary supplementation of SLCPP might promote the growth of broilers in their early growth phase.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.1067-1074
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• 2023

Objective: Better feed efficiency can be achieved by selecting rabbit genotypes with lower residual feed intake (RFI) under high ambient temperatures. Methods: Two genotypes of rabbits (Jabali, Saudi local breed and imported, Spanish V-line) were used to derive RFI and to investigate the relationship between RFI and productive traits. In total, 250 animals (125 each) were housed in individual wire mesh cages in a semi-closed rabbitry. Growth performance, feed criteria, carcass evaluation, biochemical blood analysis, and immune responses were determined. Results: Superiority in growth performance, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, and cellular immunity was recorded in the Jabali breed compared to the V-line genotype. According to regression analysis, a significant effect of daily body weight gain was found, upon computing the expected feed intake in both genotypes. Moreover, mid-body weight^0.75 had a significant effect only in the Jabali breed. Positive correlation coefficients between RFI and dry matter feed intake or feed conversion ratio were found. The same trend in this relationship between RFI and productive traits was observed in some cases for both genotypes. An opposite trend in correlations was observed in the studied genotypes for some traits. Conclusion: The results suggest that the relationship between RFI and productive traits must be taken into consideration in rabbit breeding programs under the prevailing environment. However, further studies are required to investigate the effect of rabbit genotype and environmental factors on computing RFI.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.1718-1726
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with enzymolytic soybean meal (ESBM) on broilers fed low crude protein (CP) diets. Methods: A total of 360 one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to six treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 10 chicks per replicate for a period of 42 days. Chicks were fed a basal standard high-CP diet as a positive control (PC), a low-CP diet (reducing 10 g/kg CP from the PC) as a negative control (NC), or an NC + 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, or 2.0% ESBM diet. Results: Compared to chicks fed the PC, chicks fed the NC had a decreased body weight gain (BWG, p<0.05) from 1 to 42 days, but supplementation with 2.0% ESBM restored BWG (p<0.05) and even linearly improved the feed conversion rate (FCR, p<0.05). Digestibility of CP and ether extract was increased (p<0.05) in chicks fed a 1.0% ESBM diet compared to the PC. With increasing levels of ESBM, nitrogen (N) excretion decreased (p<0.05). The addition of ESBM to the diet did not affect (p>0.05) serum concentrations of total protein, albumin and total cholesterol but led to a descending trend in triglycerides and an ascending trend in calcium and urea N at 42 days (p<0.10). There were no differences (p>0.05) in villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and VH/CD (V/C) of the duodenum and jejunum between the PC and NC at both 21 days and 42 days, while increasing dietary ESBM levels linearly (p<0.05) decreased CD and increased V/C of the duodenum and jejunum at both 21 days and 42 days. Conclusion: The findings indicated that ESBM could be used in broiler low-CP diets to improve production performance, decrease N excretion, and enhance intestinal health.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.427-434
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 볏짚과 토마토와 같은 농업부산물이 우분의 혐기성 소화를 통한 메탄 생성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 각 기질을 단독 소화한 것과 혼합 소화한 것을 비교하였다. 우분의 경우 토마토와 병합 소화했을 때 우분 단독 소화 시보다 메탄 생성량이 증가하였고, 혼합 기질 내 토마토 함량이 중요한 역할을 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 농업부산물을 활용한 분뇨의 바이오가스화 향상 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.283-290
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• 2008

가시오갈피와 두충은 강력한 항산화 작용을 가진 약용 식물로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 상업용 브로일러를 대상으로 가시오갈피 잎과 두충 잎의 첨가 급여(0.5% 및 1%)가 개체의 생산 능력, 장기 무게, 혈장 생화학적 성분 및 텔로미어 함량에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 시험 전체 기간($4{\sim}35$일) 동안 체중, 증체량 및 사료 섭취량에서는 처리구 간 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 사료 요구율에 있어서는 가시오갈피 첨가 급여구가 대조구 및 두충 첨가구에 비해 다소 저조한 결과를 나타내었다. 장기 무게에 있어서 간, 비장 및 흉선의 무게는 처리구 간 차이가 없었으나, F낭(bursa of Fabricius)의 무게는 가시오갈피 및 두충 첨가 급여가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 혈액 생화적 성분 분석에서는 혈장 내 albumin, AST, ALT 및 total protein은 대조구와 처리구 간에 거의 비슷한 수치를 나타내었으나 triglycerides, cholesterol 및 gluocose 수준은 생리활성 물질 첨가 급여구가 대조구에 비해 높게 나타났다. 가시오갈피 및 두충 급여에 따른 각 조직 별 텔로미어 함량 분석에 있어 백혈구 내 텔로미어 함유율은 모든 첨가 급여구가 대조구에 비해 현저히 높은 함량을 보이나 간, 심장, 정소 조직 간에는 처리구별 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로부터 브로일러에 가시오갈피와 두충의 첨가 급여는 생산의 능력 저하 없이 개체의 면역 활성을 증진시키고, 텔로미어 길이의 감축을 상대적으로 완화시키는 것으로 판단된다.