• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.21-28
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• 2022

Ginseng is described as the "King of all herbs, "Man-root" or "Root of heaven" and regarded as the most powerful herbal remedy, particularly grown in Korea, China, Japan, Vietnam, and North America. It has been in existence for a long time. The most demanded herbal cure, Ginseng, principally the root, has long been employed in traditional Asian medicine. The extent of availability of bioactive combinations and their impact on the body differs between American and Asian ginseng. Asian ginseng, also known as Panax ginseng, has a more calming influence and is more advantageous than American ginseng, such as Panax quinquefolius. The pharmaceutical aspect of development and extraction with diverse morphological properties is examined. Saponins, glycosides, carbohydrates, polyacetylenes, amino acids, vitamins, volatile oil, enzymes are all present in the Phyto-content of Ginseng. Ginsenosides are saponins that are constituents of the triterpenoid dammarane and have anticancer, anti-cardiovascular, anti-microbial, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Ginseng, in particular, has the possibility to help with microbial invasion, inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and diabetes. It developed nanoparticles and nanocomposite film technologies as novel drug delivery platforms for cancer, inflammation, and neurological illnesses. Furthermore, it offers a range of applications that will be vital for future growth.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.898-904
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• 2005

Although Euonymus alatus (EA) has been used as traditional medicine for cancer treatment, exact substances involved in curing of the disease are not yet known. Free radical scavenging and reactive oxygen species (ROS) removal activities of aqueous extract components isolated from winged stem of EA in animal cell line were investigated. Aqueous extract of EA (AEEA) was fractionated by ultrafiltration. All fractions mainly consisted of polysaccharide (44.8%), protein (2.1%), small amounts of phenol compounds and organic acids. Antioxidant activity of AEEA increased depending on concentration fractions, as determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method. ROS removal activity was visualized in Chinese hamster ovary cell line using laser scanning confocal microscope, and AEEA activity increased in order of F IV>F III>F I>F II. These results suggest AETA has bioactive carbohydrates with potentials as functional foods and antioxidants.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2017

Bamboo leaf has many nutritional and bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, and it can be used for various foods application. Fermentation is one of appropriate processes that can affect the nutrition, taste and flavor, and antioxidant activities of foods. In this study, a representative domestic bamboo tree (Sasa coreana Nakai) leaves were fermented by Bacillus subtilis KCCM 11315 and the changes of carbohydrates, minerals, amino acids, and phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities were investigated before and after fermentation. During the fermentation period, firstly, the leaf was softened and turned to brown. The constituent carbohydrates were slightly increased from $432.09{\pm}5.38mg/g$ to $458.42{\pm}7.39mg/g$, and free sugars decreased by 95% from $28.12{\pm}2.03mg/g$ to $1.4{\pm}0.14mg/g$. Mineral was $20987.5{\pm}345.1{\mu}g/mL$, which was slightly increased after the fermentation compared to $20804.1{\pm}364.6{\mu}g/mL$ before that. The total amino acids were increased to $73881.94{\pm}137.59mg/100g$ compared to $58464.51{\pm}109.12mg/100g$ before fermentation, and free amino acids decreased by more than 85% from $32782.67{\pm}92.49mg/100g$ to $4827.83{\pm}19.76mg/100g$. Total polyphenols content (TPC) increased from $25.51{\pm}1.04GAE^*mg/g$ to $35.34{\pm}0.91GAE^*mg/g$, and the total flavonoid content (TFC) increased to $80.57{\pm}0.22QE^*mg/g$ compared to $69.64{\pm}0.26QE^*mg/g$. The total catechin content (TCC) of TFC was decreased from $69.64{\pm}0.94mg/L$ to $58.23{\pm}0.76mg/L$. The DPPH radical $IC_{50}$ of bamboo leaves decreased to $2624.85{\pm}37.03{\mu}g/mL$ and the ABTS radical $IC_{50}$ of $187.26{\pm}4.78{\mu}g/mL$ was increased after the fermentation. These results could be used as essential nutritional data before developing processed food products using the bamboo leaf.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.171-180
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using Flos Sophora japonica as natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of general and antioxidative nutrients of Flos Sophora japonica a were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 67.76%, 19.87%, 4.61% and 7.76%. And the calories of Flos Sophora japonica Linne was 318.32 Kcal. Total dietary fiber was 25.35% of total carbohydrates. The percentages of water soluble dietary fiber to insoluble dietary fiber were 1.80 % and 23.56 %, respectively. The protein were contained total 18 different kinds of amino acids. The contents of non-essential and essential amino acids were 4,898.78mg and 5,953.51mg. The K was the largest mineral followed by Ca, P and Mg, which means Flos Sophora japonica Linne is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 29.69%, 34.93% and 35.38%. Therefore, the amount of the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than that of any other plant. The content of vitamin C in Flos Sophora japonica Linne was higher than that of any other plant, which suggest that it could increase blood elasticity. The content of rutin, which is responsible for capillary vessel permeability, was 22.60%. The contents of water soluble antioxidative materials in 1 mL of water-extracted Flos Sophora japonica Linne were 3.9 ${\mu}$g which is comparable to 1233.0 mmol of vitamin C in antioxidant effect. The general nutrients and other antioxidatant bioactive materials in Flos Sophora japonica Linne were also potential materials for good health food. It is expected that follow up study of Flos Sophora japonica Linne through developing processed food and evaluation of their functional properties would provide useful information as a source of medicinal foods.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.948-953
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• 2010

We evaluated the bioactive compounds including carbohydrates (CH), organic acids (OA), ascorbic acid (AA), anthocyanin (AC), and ellagic acid (EA) in the achenes, epidermis, and flesh of fully ripe strawberry fruits of the 'Maehyang', 'Seolhyang', 'Keumhyang', 'Akiheme', and 'Red pearl' cultivars. The total contents of CH, OA, AA, and AC were significantly greater in the epidermis than in other tissues, while the EA content was significantly greater in the achenes than in other tissues. The AA content of the epidermis ranged from $49.1-69.2mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ FW and was significantly greater than the content of the flesh, while AA was not detected in the achenes of any of the tested strawberry cultivars. The AA contents of the epidermis and flesh of the 'Maehyang' were 69.2 and $42.2mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ FW, respectively, and were greater than those of the other cultivars. The AC contents in the epidermis and achenes of the 'Keumhyang' were $74.0mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ FW and $36.7mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ DW, respectively, greater than those of the other cultivars. The EA content of the achenes of the 'Seolhyang' was $215.5mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ DW, significantly greater than those of the other cultivars. Results indicate that the antioxidant levels and other chemical compounds of strawberry fruits vary significantly among different fruit tissues. Our results also suggest that the recently introduced Korean 'Maehyang', 'Seolhyang', and 'Keumhyang' contain higher levels of antioxidants than other major June-bearing strawberry cultivars. These cultivars are feasible selections for both growers and consumers.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.681-688
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• 2013

This work is aimed to increase knowledge of the functional exopolysaccharide (EPS) from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in makgeolli, a Korean fermented rice wine. Among LAB strains isolated from makgeolli, strain M76 was selected as a functional strain producing a bioactive EPS, based on its antioxidative activity on the DPPH radical. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis showed a high sequence similarity (99.0%) with P. acidilactici, but had different biochemical properties with the already known P. acidilactici type strains in the aspect of carbohydrates utilization. The obtained P. acidilactici M76 produced a soluble EPS above 2 g/l. One-step chromatography using gel filtration after ethanol precipitation from the supernatant of P. acidilactici M76 was enough to obtain purified EPS with a single peak, showing a molecular mass of approximately 67 kDa. Componential and structural analyses of EPS by TLC, HPLC, and FT-IR indicated that the EPS is a glucan, consisting of glucose units. The purified EPS had antioxidant activity on the DPPH radical of 45.8% at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The purified EPS also showed proliferative effect on the pancreatic RIN-m5F cell line and remarkable protection activity on alloxan-induced cytotoxicity. This potent antioxidant and antidiabetic EPS by LAB in makgeolli may contribute to understanding the functionality of makgeolli.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.63 no.8
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• pp.301-309
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• 2020

Human breast milk (HBM) is essential for the infant's growth and development right after birth and is an irreplaceable source of nutrition for early human survival. Various infant formulas have many similarities to HBM in many components, but there is no perfect substitute for HBM. Recently, various breast milk components and their roles have been studied according to the development of various analysis techniques. As is already well known, HBM contains about 87%-88% water, and 124-g/L solid components as macronutrients, including about 7% (60-70 g/L) carbohydrates, 1% (8-10 g/L) protein, and 3.8% (35-40 g/L) fat. The composition may vary depending on the environmental factors, including maternal diet. Colostrum is low in fat but high in protein and relatively rich in immuneprotective components. Although HBM contains enough vitamins to ensure normal growth of the infant, vitamins D and K may be insufficient, and the infant may require their supplementation. Growth factors in HBM also serve as various bioactive proteins and peptides on the intestinal tract, vasculature, nervous system, and endocrine system. In the past, HBM of a healthy mother was thought to be sterile. However, several subsequent studies have confirmed the presence of rich and diverse microbial communities in HBM. Some studies suggested that the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus may be universally predominant in HBM, but the origin of microbiota still remains controversial. Lastly, milk is the one of most abundant body fluid of microRNAs, which are known to play a role in various functions, such as immunoprotection and developmental programming, through delivering from HBM and absorption by intestinal epithelial cells. In conclusion, HBM is the most important source of nutrition for infants and includes microbiomes and miRNAs for growth, development, and immunity.

• Mycobiology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

Pleurotus species are commercially essential mushrooms and widely cultivated throughout the world. The production of Pleurotus mushrooms alone accounts for around 25% of that total cultivated mushrooms globally. In America and Europe, Pleurotus species are considered specialty mushrooms, whereas, in Korea, their cultivation is economically profitable, and it is one of the highly consumed species. Pleurotus species are predominantly found in tropical forests and often grow on fallen branches, dead and decaying tree stumps, and wet logs. Biographical studies have shown that the Pleurotus genus is among the more conspicuous fungi that induce wood decay in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide due to its formidable lignin-modifying enzymes, including laccase and versatile peroxidases. Pleurotus species can be grown easily due to their fast colonization nature on diversified agro-substrates and their biological efficiency 100%. Pleurotus mushrooms are rich in proteins, dietary fiber, essential amino acids, carbohydrates, water-soluble vitamins, and minerals. These mushrooms are abundant in functional bioactive molecules, though to influence health. Pleurotus mushrooms are finding unique applications as flavoring, aroma, and excellent preservation quality. Apart from its unique applications, Pleurotus mushrooms have a unique status delicacy with high nutritional and medicinal values. The present review provides an insight into the cultivation of Pleurotus spp. using different agro-waste as growth substances paying attention to their effects on the growth and chemical composition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.1414-1421
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• 2016

This study was designed to determine optimal extraction conditions of Chrysanthemum zawadskii (CZ) with high yield of bioactive compounds (linarin, polyphenols, and flavonoids) and improved in vitro activities. Ethanol extracts were examined at different concentrations (0, 30, 50, 70, and 95%) and temperatures (50 and $70^{\circ}C$). The recommended extraction conditions were 50% ethanol at $70^{\circ}C$ for 4 h, which gave the highest yield of linarin, polyphenols, and flavonoids. This extract appeared to have the greatest ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities (87.81% and 51.42% at $500{\mu}g/mL$, respectively) and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase (74.59%) and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities (90.44%). As contents of linarin increased, antioxidative activity, inhibitory effects of carbohydrates and lipid absorption of CZ extracts increased as well. From these results, CZ extracts can be used in functional food industries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1740-1746
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated the nutritional and functional constituents as well as quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of Korean cultivated wild ginseng (KG). The chemical compositions and amino acid content of KG were 7.56% water, 73.01% carbohydrates, 12.58% protein, 1.99% lipids, and 5.54% ash as well as 16.17 mg/g of amino acids, respectively. The major ginsenoside and minor ginsenoside contents of KG were 15.94 mg/g and 0.04 mg/g, respectively. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of KGE (Korean cultivated wild ginseng with 70% ethanol extract) were 8.93 mg GAE/g and 3.96 mg RHE/g, respectively. KGE also showed higher antioxidant activity than the other extracts (KGW, Korean cultivated wild ginseng with water extract) with regard to DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities (57.75% and 70.73%, respectively), nitrite oxide scavenging activity (44.01%), SOD-like activity (78.05%), reducing power activity ($1.08OD_{700nm}$), and ferrous ion-chelating activity (65.33%). Additionally, KGE had higher elastase, collagenase, and tyrosinase inhibition activities than KGW. These results suggest that KGE can be used as a bioactive and functional material in the food industry.