• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.97-105
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• 2017

The interest and participation of the rural experience is increasing as an alternative for the problems such as the decrease of the agricultural income facing the agriculture and the rural area, the decrease of the population, and the regional stagnation. The rural experience has recently been transformed into a software dimension such as programs and participation activities in the past. In addition, public awareness also positively evaluates agriculture and rural communities as the basis for supporting society and recognition of multiple functions. Furthermore, the intention of the citizen to the earnest village is increasing. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of rural experience and customer satisfaction of urban residents on the recognition of return to farm and rural areas. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the characteristics of rural experience had a positive effect on the farming villages by the program, the experience field and the host, and the customer satisfaction had a positive effect on the farming villages. Therefore, it is considered that a systematic approach to the rural experience is needed in the future because the experience of the rural people in the city has a positive effect on the earliest villages.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.25-39
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• 2003

Risk and exposure assessment for subsurface environment is very important for both aspects of health and environmental protection as well as making decision of remedial goal for engineering activities. Exposure due to hazardous chemicals in the subsurface environment is essential to assess risk lev121 to individual person, especially from soil and groundwater environmental media. In this paper, the status of soil and groundwater contamination is presented to discuss on the problem for environmental risk assessment. The methodologies of fate and exposure models are also discussed by conducting the case studies of exposure assessment for heavy metals, organic compounds, and dioxin compounds. In addition, the structure of exposure models and available data for model calculation are examined to make clear more realistic exposure scenarios and the application to the practical environmental issues. Three kinds of advanced remediation techniques for soil and groundwater contamination are described in this paper, The most practical method for VOCs is the bio-remediation technique in which biological process due to consortium of microorganisms can be applied. For more effective remediation of soil contaminated by heavy metals we have adopted the soil flushing technique and clean-up system using electro-kinetic method. We have also developed the advanced techniques of geo-melting method for soil contaminated by DXNs and PCB compounds. These techniques are planed to introduce and to apply for a lot of contaminated sites in Japan.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.520-525
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• 2012

Prostaglandin (PG) $E_2$, the most abundant prostaglandin in the human body, is synthesized from arachidonic acid via the actions of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. $PGE_2$ exerts homeostatic, cytoprotective, inflammatory, and in some cases anti-inflammatory effects. Also, it has been reported that $PGE_2$ is involved in hair growth. Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) is a phlorotannin compound isolated from the brown algae Ishige okamurae, with various biological activities in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the biological effect and mechanism of action of DPHC on prostaglandin synthesis in HaCaT human keratinocytes was examined. The results showed that, in these cells, DPHC significantly and dose-dependently induced $PGE_2$ synthesis by increasing the protein and mRNA levels of COX-1 and COX-2. Interestingly, DPHC-induced COX-1 expression preceded that of COX-2. Also, while both rofecoxib and indomethacin inhibited $PGE_2$ production, the latter was seems to be the more potent. From above results, we can expect that DPHC has some beneficial effects via increasing of $PGE_2$ production.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2005

The objective of the present work was to determine the corresponding uptake and assimilation of ${NO_3}^-$ in roots and shoots of leafy radish by applying of mixed amino acids (MAA). The amino acids used in this experiment were alanine (Ala), ${\beta}-alanine\;({\beta}-Ala)$, aspartic acid (Asp), asparagines (Asn), glutamic acid (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and glycine (Gly). Leafy radish was grown by conventional fertilization with macro- and micronutrients under controlled conditions. The 15-day-old seedlings were treated 0, 0.3 and 3.0 mM of MAA containing 5 mM ${NO_3}^-$ in growth medium. Nitrate uptake was determined by following ${NO_3}^-$ depletion from the uptake solution. The activity of the enzymes related to the process of ${NO_3}^-$ reduction (NR: nitrate reductase; NiR: nitrite reductase; GS: glutamine synthetase) and the content of ${NO_2}^-\;and\;{ND_3}^-$ were analyzed in shoots and roots. The results of this study showed that ${NO_3}^-$ uptake was inhibited 38% with treatment of 0.3 mM of MAA. However, there was more than three times increase of N03- uptake in 3.0 mM MAA. In addition, the enzymatic activities were positively affected by the high MAA rate. Finally, the ${NO_3}^-$ content was increased slightly both in shoots and roots of leafy radish by MAA treatments.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.3005-3008
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• 2014

Human ChlR1 protein (hChlR1), a member of the cohesion establishment factor family, plays an important role in the segregation of sister chromatids for maintenance of genome integrity. We previously reported that hChlR1 interacts with hFen1 and stimulates its nuclease activity on the flap-structured DNA substrate covered with RPA. To elucidate the relationship between hChlR1 and Okazaki fragment processing, the effect of hChlR1 on in vitro nuclease activities of hFen1 and hDna2 was examined. Independent of ATPase activity, hChlR1 stimulated endonuclease activity of hFen1 but not that of hDna2. Our findings suggest that the acceleration of Okazaki fragment processing near cohesions may aid in reducing the size of the replication machinery, thereby facilitating its entry through the cohesin ring.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.246-249
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• 2000

We investigated the production of chitin oligosaccharides using food grade papain. A solution of commercial food grade papain (FGP) was dialyzed for 12 h before measuring its chitinolytic activity. The effects of enzyme concentration, reaction temperature, and pH on the endochitinase and $\beta$-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities and the thermostability of these enzymes were investigated. In adddition, the reaction products were analyzed with gel filtration on a Bio-Gel P2. The endochitinase activity was twentyfold higher than that of $\beta$-N-acetylglucosaminidase. The optimal endochitinase activity was at pH 3.0, while the maximal $\beta$-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity was at pH 6.0. The reaction product consisted mainly of the dimer of N -acetylglucosamine, with a small amount of its trimer. Under the experimental conditions, $120{\mu}g$ of chitin oligomers were obtained with 1 mg of FGP protein after an incubation of 2 h.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.218-224
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• 2013

The aldo-keto reductases catalyze reduction reactions using various aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes/ketones. Most reductases require NADPH exclusively as their cofactors. However, NADPH is much more expensive and unstable than NADH. In this study, we attempted to change the five amino acid residues that interact with the 2'-phosphate group of the adenosine ribose of NADPH. These residues were selected based on a docking model of the YOL151W reductase and were substituted with other amino acids to develop NADH-utilizing enzymes. Ten mutants were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in Escherichia coli. Among them, four mutants showed higher reductase activities than wild-type when using the NADH cofactor. Analysis of the kinetic parameters for the wild type and mutants indicated that the $k_{cat}/K_{m}$ value of the Asn9Glu mutant toward NADH increased 3-fold. A docking model was used to show that the carboxyl group of Glu 9 of the mutant formed an additional hydrogen bond with the 2'-hydroxyl group of adenosine ribose. The Asn9Glu mutant was able to produce (R)-ethyl-4-chloro-3-hydroxyl butanoate rapidly when using the NADH regeneration system.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.88-96
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• 2017

This study investigated the quality characteristics of cookies containing laver powder, which is well known for its various functions and biological activity. This study assessed the quality characteristics of cookies containing various concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) of laver powder(LP). To analyze quality characteristics, pH of dough, moisture content, color, hardness, and sensory properties were measured. Qualities, such as pH, brightness, and redness and yellowness and hardness decreased significantly (p<0.001). The total flavonoid and total polyphenol and ABTS radical scavenging activity were proportionally increased with increasing the level of laver powder added in cookies(p<0.001). The antioxidant activity measured by total flavonoid and total polyphenol activities was significantly higher than control and increased proportionally to the laver powder. The result of sensory test shows that sample group adding 2% of laver powder achieved the highest. Based on the above results, this study suggests that the addition of 2% laver powder may be the best substitution ratio for cookies of the improvement of sensory preference and antioxidant. This study exhibited both the functional and health based benefits of laver when it is added to cookies and confirmed the development feasibility of laver cookies considering consumer satisfaction.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.113-117
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• 2008

Objectives : Effects of Rhizoma Alismatis extract on lipid composition and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) formation were investigated in rat fed high fat diet. Methods : Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in these experiments and housed with food and water ad libitum and Twenty rats were selected healthy over 400g body weight and fed high fat diet for 8 weeks. Rhizoma Alismatis extract was administerd at dose 100mg/kg/day, 200mg/kg/day and 300mg/kg/day p.o. for 4 weeks. Then Triglyceride, Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, TBARS concentration and ALT(Alanine Aminotransferase), AST(aspatate transaminase) activities were determined. Results : Plasma total LDL-cholesterol showed a tendancy to decrease in all treated group(P<0.05), however plasma HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglyceride showed no significantly different. Rhizoma Alismatis extract feedings resulted in a decrease in plasma TBARS(p<0.05) concentration and AST, ALT activites but contents of TBARS in liver showed no significantly different among all the treatments. Conclusions : Reviewing these experimental results, it appears that Rhizoma Alismatis extract was effective for inhibiting lipid peroxidation and decreasing LDL-cholesterol concentration.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Panax ginseng Meyer, belonging to the genus Panax of the family Araliaceae, is known for its human immune system-related effects, such as immune-boosting effects. Ginseng polysaccharides (GPs) are the responsible ingredient of ginseng in immunomodulation, and are classified as acidic and neutral GPs. Although GPs participate in various immune reactions including the stimulation of immune cells and production of cytokines, the precise function of GPs together with its potential receptor(s) and their signal transduction pathways have remained largely unknown. Animal lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are highly specific for sugar moieties. Among many different biological functions in vivo, animal lectins especially play important roles in the immune system by recognizing carbohydrates that are found exclusively on pathogens or that are inaccessible on host cells. This review summarizes the immunological activities of GPs and the diverse roles of animal lectins in the immune system, suggesting the possibility of animal lectins as the potential receptor candidates of GPs and giving insights into the development of GPs as therapeutic biomaterials for many immunological diseases.