• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.413-421
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• 2011

The main objective of this study was to develop the multi-resistance lines to insects(brown planthopper; BPH, rice green leafhopper; GRH) and disease(blast; BL, bacterial blight; BB and rice stripe virus disease;RSV) with good grain quality and plant type by combining conventional breeding and marker assisted selection(MAS) and to eliminate the linkage drag effects between Bph1 gene and culm length, we conducted MAS of Bph1 gene in advanced backcross and double cross progenies. 'Nampyeong', 'Junam' and 'Milyang220' were used as the parent in this study. 'Milyang220' was used as the donor of brown planthopper resistance gene Bph1 with tall culm length. Two backcross progenies were developed using two recipients 'Nampyeong' carrying GRH resistance gene Grh3(t) with good grain appearance and 'Junam' harboring bacterial blight resistance gene Xa3 with short culm length. Two $BC_1$ generations were resulted from the backcrossing of the $F_1$ plants with recurrent parents 'Nampyeong' and 'Junam'. The second rounds of backcrossing($BC_2$) were derived from the cross of selected resistant $BC_1F_1$ plants based on heterozygous genotype of RM28493 linked to Bph1 gene. The double crossed population was constructed from the cross of between each heterozygous $BC_2F_1$ plants at RM28493 locus of '$Nampyeong^*3$ / Milyang220' and '$Junam^*3$ / Milyang220'., The homozygous alleles in Bph1 gene were selected using co-dominant DNA marker RM28493 in double crossed population. Eighty-five lines with multi-resistance to BL, BB, RSV, GRH and BPH were selected by bio-assay and MAS in generation of double crossing. The culm length, head rice ratio and yield of the selected multi resistance lines was ranged from 71 to 88 cm, from 51 to 93%, from 449 to 629 kg/10a. respectively. We can select a promising multi resistance line similar with 'Nampyeong' of major agronomic traits such as culm legnth, head rice ratio and yield. It was designated as Milyang265. Finally this study was developed the multi resistant varieties against to insects and diseases with the good grain quality 'Milyang265' by the advanced backcross and double cross combining MAS and it can be used as genetic resources of multi-resistance to insect and diseases in rice breeding programs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.325-331
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• 2019

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most popular green leafy vegetables, and it contains various beneficial components including polyphenolic compounds and has been known to possess various biological functions such as anti-microbial, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we prepared ethanol extract of dried lettuce (DLE) and investigated its anti-inflammatory activity. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of DLE, nitric oxide (NO) production was measured in LPS-activated mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. DLE significantly suppressed NO production in these cells without affecting cell viabilities while resveratrol was used as a positive control. DLE dramatically decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as iNOS and COX-2 at the mRNA and protein levels and reduced the expression of several cytokines including $IL-1{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-1F6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, CSF2 and CXCL10. In addition, DLE suppressed phosphorylation of MAPKs and the nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 indicating DLE shows its anti-inflammatory activity via regulating MAPKs pathway and $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathways. And also, DLE reduced the production of reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner. DLE increased HO-1 protein expression, and also increased the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Overall, our results suggest that lettuce down-regulate various pro-inflammatory genes and have its anti-inflammatory activity via regulating MAPKs, $NF-{\kappa}B$, and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.302-311
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Dithianon (75%) formulation were mixed and sprayed as closely as possible by normal practice on the ten farms located in the Mungeong of South Korea. Patches, cotton gloves, socks, masks, and XAD-2 resin were used for measurement of the potential exposure of dithianon on the applicators wearing standardized whole-body outer and inner dosimeter (WBD). This study has been carried out to determine the dermal and inhalation exposure to dithianon during preparation of spray suspension and application with a power sprayer on a apple orchard. METHODS AND RESULTS: A personal air monitor equipped with an air pump, IOM sampler and cassette, and glass fiber filter was used for inhalation exposure. The field studies were carried out in a apple orchard. The temperature and relative humidity were monitored with a thermometer and a hygrometer. Wind speed was measured using a pocket weather meter. All mean field fortification recoveries were between 85.1% and 99.1% in the level of 100 LOQ (limit of quantification), while the LOQ for dithianon was $0.05{\mu}g/mL$ using HPLC-DAD. The exposure to dithianon on arms of the mixer/loader (0.0794 mg) was higher than other body parts (head, hands, upper body, or legs). The exposure to dithianon on the applicator's legs (3.78 mg) was highest in the body parts. The dermal exposures for mixer/loader and applicator were 10 and 8.10 mg, respectively, from a grape orchard. The inhalation exposure during application was estimated as 0.151 mg, and the ratio of inhalation exposure was 11.2% of the dermal exposure (inner clothes). CONCLUSION: The dermal and inhalation exposure on the applicator appeared to be 4.203 mg - 25.064 mg and $0.529{\mu}g-116.241{\mu}g$, respectively. The total exposures on the agricultural applicators were at the level of 2.596 mg - 25.069 mg to dithianon during treatment for apple orchard. The TER showed 3.421 (>1) when AOEL of dithianon was used as a reference dose for the purpose of risk assessment of the mixing/loading and application.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 2019

The aim of this study is to investigate the biological activities of Hericium erinaceus. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of H. erinaceus extract was higher than positive control. The inhibitory activities of xanthin oxidase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, and hyaluronidase was measured as functional food activity, and inhibitory activities on collagenase, tyrosinase, and astringent effect as beauty food activity in water and ethanol extracts from H. erinaceus. In functional food activity, xanthin oxidase inhibitory activities at $50-200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concentration in ethanol extracts from H. erinaceus showed inhibitory activity in dose dependent manner. ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activities at $50{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concentration showed high activity of higher than 80%. Inhibitory activities on hyaluronidase as anti-inflammation factor showed inhibition effect in dose dependent manner both in water and ethanol extracts. In beauty food activity, Inhibitory activities on collagenase at $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concentration in water and ethanol extracts showed high activity to 65.09 and 58.38% dose dependently. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity in water extract showed 9.4-58.24%. Astringent activity as pore shrink effect in ethanol extracts also showed a very high activity of 18.94-100%. Antimicrobial activity on pathogenic bacteria was highly effective on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Escherichia coli at 2.5 mg/mL or above. Therefore, the extracts from H. erinaceus can be used as a functional food and beauty food resources and natural antimicrobial agent on pathogenic bacteria in food.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.310-319
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• 2018

The southern type grasses announced for the test were the Bermudagrass cultivars (Giant, Cheyenne, Mohawk, Panchero Frio, Common and Tifton 85) and the Bahiagrass cultivars (TifQuik, Tifton 9), and the changes in the productivity and nutrient content were surveyed in Jeju area (450m altitude). The different cultivars were sowed by broadcasting or drill seeding method, and Tifton 85 was transplanted from sprigs. The fresh and dry matter yield showed varying significant differences for different cultivars (p<0.05). The fresh yields of Tifton 85, TifQuik and Tifton 9 were excellent, compared to the other cultivars, and for the dry matter yield, Tifton 85 and Tifton 9 were excellent when compared to the other cultivars. Crude protein content showed significant differences among different cultivars (p<0.05). Cheyenne, Mohawk, Panchero Frio, and Common showed differences in the crude protein content by sowing method and harvest time (p<0.05). The different cultivars showed differences in the crude fiber content (p<0.05), and Tifton 9 registered significantly high content and Mohawk and Tifton 85 showed significant crude fiber content by harvest time (p<0.05). According to these results, the southern type grass cultivars showed big differences in the regenerative capacity against damage from frost, productivity, and nutrient content, so they need to be chosen according to the purposes, and to increase their usage, their evaluation needs to be conducted at various altitudes.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.297-305
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze stress distribution and maximum von Mises stress generated in intracoronal restorations and in tooth structures of mandibular molars with various types of cavity designs and materials. Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional solid models of mandible molar such as O inlay cavity with composite and gold (OR-C, OG-C), MO inlay cavity with composite and gold (MR-C, MG-C), and minimal invasive cavity on occlusal and proximal surfaces (OR-M, MR-M) were designed. To simulate masticatory force, static axial load with total force of 200 N was applied on the tooth at 10 occlusal contact points. A finite element analysis was performed to predict stress distribution generated by occlusal loading. Results: Restorations with minimal cavity design generated significantly lower values of von Mises stress (OR-M model: 26.8 MPa; MR-M model: 72.7 MPa) compared to those with conventional cavity design (341.9 MPa to 397.2 MPa). In tooth structure, magnitudes of maximum von Mises stresses were similar among models with conventional design (372.8 - 412.9 MPa) and models with minimal cavity design (361.1 - 384.4 MPa). Conclusion: Minimal invasive models generated smaller maximum von Mises stresses within restorations. Within the enamel, similar maximum von Mises stresses were observed for models with minimal cavity design and those with conventional design.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.266-272
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• 2018

In this study, we created grassland establishment(paddock No.39), grassland improvement(Paddock No.44), and tall fescue seeding(paddock No.64), and the rate botanical composition, DM yield, nutritive value were examined through 2016 to 2017. The rate of botanical composition was 81% in 2016, 75% in 2017, up to 21% higher than No.39 67%, 60%, No.44 58% and 54%. The annual average DM yield was the highest at 13,234kg/ha in the district, followed by No.39, No.44, followed by 10,636kg/ha and 10,235kg/ha, respectively. The crude protein content was the highest at No.39 12.16%, with No.44 and No.64 showing 10.7%, respectively. NDF content (average for two years) was 55.90% in No.44 and No.39, slightly lower than 58.42% and 57.00%, respectively. The two-year ADF average content was 31.07% for the same trend as the NDF capacity in the No.44, below 31.71% and 32.65%, respectively. To sum up the results, Although there was a high level of incentive sowing plot(No.39) in nutritive value, considering the botanical composition and productivity of the pasture, it is also deemed desirable to have a tall fescue plot(No.64).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2019

Rapeseed meal, which is a byproduct of rapeseed oil extraction, improves crop productivity by supplying nutrients to the soil. The present study aimed to manufacture fermented rapeseed meal compost using two effective microbial agents and evaluate their efficiency as fertilizer. To types of fermented rapeseed meal, manufactured using either a bio-carrier or microbial agent, showed no differences in pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total nitrogen content. However, the contents of $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ as inorganic nitrogen were increased by 5.6 times and 1.5 times, respectively, after 5 d of fermentation. Rapeseed meal fermented for 5 d was applied to tomato a basal fertilizer and after eight weeks, the plant height increased in all fermented rapeseed treatments compared to that in the chemical fertilizer treatment, and also the quantum yield of photosystem II (PS II) showed the same trend. The total nitrogen content of tomato leaves treated with a microbial fermented rapeseed meal was twice as high as that of that treated with a chemical fertilizer. It was confirmed that the increase in the tomato height was an effect of the rapeseed meal containing inorganic nitrogen, which can easily be absorbed by plants. From these results, it is considered that fermented rapeseed meal manufactured with an effective microbial agent for 5 d showed the highest inorganic nutrient content and greatest growth enhancement in tomato.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1339-1346
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• 2018

In Korea, edible mushrooms are produced largely on commercial artificial media, so the annual production of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), as a by-product of the mushroom industry, is estimated at over 200 million tons. This SMS is assumed to contain abundant fungal mycelia and pre-fruiting bodies, as well as various nutritive and bioactive compounds that are presently discarded. This study examined the physico-chemical, nutritional, and enzymatic characteristics of uninoculated sterilized medium (USM) and SMS of shiitake mushrooms with the aim of developing a high-value added product from SMS. The contents of crude protein, crude lipid, and ash were higher after the third SMS harvest ($SMS-A-3^{rd}$) than in USM or $SMS-A-1^{st}$. The contents of Ca, Mg, and P in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$ were 2.95, 2.35, and 2.1-fold higher compared than in USM. No As or Cd was detected in USM or SMS. The pH, Brix, and acidity were 4.6, 20.0, and 1.4, respectively in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$, but 5.6, 6.0, and 0.0, respectively, in USM. These results suggest a highly active production of soluble components and organic acids in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$. The distinct color differences noted for USM, $SMS-A-1^{st}$, and $SMS-A-3^{rd}$ could be used as a mycelial growth indicator. Enzyme activity assays using the APIZYM system showed that SMS is a potent source of hydrolysis-related enzymes, especially esterase (C4) and ${\beta}$-glucuronidase. Our results suggested that the SMS of shiitake has a high potential for use in environmental, agricultural, and stock-breeding industries, for example, as active ingredients for sewage treatment, waste-polymer degradation, and feed additives.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.188-201
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• 2019

In the past, food additives were classified and managed as chemical synthetic and natural additives according to the manufacturing process, but it was difficult to confirm the purpose or function of food additives.CODEX, an internationalstandard, classifies food additives according to their practical use, based on scientific evidence on the technical effects of food additives, instead of classifying them as synthetic or natural. Therefore, very recently, the food additive standards in Korea have been completely revised in accordance with these global trends. Currently, the classification system of food additives is divided into 31 uses to specify their functions and purposes instead of manufacturing methods. Newer revision of the legislative framework for defining and expanding the scope of the Act as an enlarged area is required. Competition for preempting new food products based on bio-based technology is very fierce in order to enhance the safety of domestic people and maximize the economic profit of their own countries. In this age of infinite competition, it is very urgent to revise or supplement the current regulations in order to revitalize the domestic food industry and enhance national competitiveness through the development of food additives using new biotechnology. In this report, current laws on domestic food ingredients, food additives and manufacturing methods, and a comparison of domestic and foreign advanced countries' regulations and countermeasures strategies were reviewed to improve national competitiveness of domestic advanced biotechnology-based food additives industry.