• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.851-856
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to find out the diagnostic significance of serum bile acid on total parenteral nutrition induced cholestasis in premature infants. Methods : Infants without cholestasis were classified into postnatal days and each change of serum bile acid was measured and analyzed. Also, the serum direct bilirubin, serum bile acid, ${\gamma}$-glutamic acid transferase, and alkaline phosphatase of premature infants with total parenteral nutrition induced cholestasis were measured for comparison and analysis of their correlation. Results : Changes of serum bile acid analysis after birth showed no significant difference between boys and girls, between premature infants and term infants without cholestasis. Serum bile acid levels are constant after two weeks after birth in neonates without cholestasis. In premature infants with total parenteral nutrition induced cholestasis, the increase of serum direct bilirubin over 2 mg/dL was $34.9{\pm}18.3$ days after birth, and the increase of serum bile acid was $28.1{\pm}18.3$ days. Its increase was about 1 week faster than serum direct bilirubin, however, there was no statistical significance(P=0.114). Comparing analysis of serum bile acid, ${\gamma}$-glutamic acid transferase, and alkaline phosphatase, serum bile acid showed the highest correlation to serum direct bilirubin(r=0.487, P=0.000). Conclusion : Serum bile acid is an important parameter of total parenteral nutrition induced cholestasis in premature infants and will be useful for early diagnosis and treatment.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.617-622
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• 1997

This studies were carried out to investigate the physiological characteristics of lactic acid bacteria related to kimchi fermentation. 157 strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from home-made kimchi of Taegu district. 144 strains of isolated lactic bacteria showed resistance to artifical gastric juice and bile. Among isolated strains, fifteen strains were selected according to the growth characteristics. The selected strains survived for 24 hours in artifical bile after incubation for 3 hours in artificial gastric jucie (pH 2.5). Especially, three strains such as B-10, K-2, and F-3, showed little viable cell change for 3 hrs incubation in artifical gastric juice. The selected strains showed low viability in artificial gastric juice but high in artifical bile. The selected strains also showed significantly antimicrobial activities to pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtili, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The fifteen selected strains were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus sake and Leuconostoc mesenteroides.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1170-1178
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• 2001

This study was conducted to isolate lactobacilli having characteristics to be used as health adjuncts with fermented milk products. Acid tolerant strains were selected in Lactobacilli MRS broth adjusted to pH 4.0 from human faeces. Bile tolerant strains were examined in Lactobacilli MRS broth in which 1.0% bile salt was added. Microhemagglutination tests using swine erythrocytes were performed to select lactobacilli having adherence properties to survive in the intestinal tract. By examination of these characteristics the strain Nam 27, which was isolated from adult faeces, was selected and identified as Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius based on carbohydrate fermentation and 16S rDNA sequencing.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2012

A comparative study of bile acid components from four lamprey species revealed that mature male chestnut lamprey Ichthyomyzon castaneus can produce 3 keto petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS) while mature males of Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata, river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis and American brook lamprey Lethenteron appendix produce petromyzonol sulfate (PZS). Identification of 3kPZS from a group of ancient lamprey species and of PZS from recently derived species led to a speculation that differentiation of bile acid biosynthetic systems has taken place during the course of evolution. Further studies on the biological functions of different bile acids in the adult lampreys are required to understand the evolution of chemical communication in lampreys.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1998

To elucidate how microfilaments and vesicles participate in bile formation, the pericanalicular cytoplasms were observed in the liver of rats treated with taurocholic acid by deep etching with rapid freezing, and copmpared them with the findings on convensional thin sections. The microfilaments were identified around the bile canaliculi in the forms of core filaments of microvilli, filaments of pericanalicular web running in parallel to the border of bile canaliculi, and filaments on the junctional complex. In taurocholic acid-treated rats, microfilaments could be visualized around the bile canaliculi and along their borders. The microfilaments appeared to be installed to link to both the canalicular membrane and vesicles. Such specialized microfilaments are considered to participate in the translocation of vesicles in the pericanalicular cytoplasm. From the evidence, it is assumed that the microfilament induces the vesicles to transport and fuse to bile canalicull into which bile acids is secreted by exocytosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.705-711
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• 1998

The digestibility of xylooligosaccharide(XO) by juices of the digestive tract and retardation effect of XO on the adsorption of bile acids were compared with fructooligosaccharide(FO) and isomaltooligosaccharide(IO). In vitro digestion experiments showed that any hydrolyzed products of FO, IO and XO were not detected by HPLC after reaction with saliva, pancreatic, artifical intesteinal, and large intestinal luices, and artifical sera for 4 hours at 37$^{\circ}C$. However, IO were mostly digested by the small intestinal juice, and some quantity of FO were digested. XO were not digested at all by any enzyme of digestive tract. In order to investigate retardation effect of XO on the bile acid absorption. In vitro, permeability of bile acid against dialysis membrane was determined in the mixture which contained guar gum instead of XO was set 100%. The premeability of bile acid showed about 50% in the FO and IO mixture and 43% in the XO mixture. The activity of lactase in FO group and activity of sucrase and maltase in XO group in rat small intestinal mucosa were significantly decreased. Consequently, the present results indicate that XO is indigestible in digestive tract and has retarding effect of adsorption of bile acid compared with the other oligosaccharides. The disaccharidase activity of the XO dietary group was lower than that of the other oligosaccharides dietary group. Furthermore, it was suggested that hydrolysis of sugar may be retarded in digestive tract and glucose level in blood may be controlled effectively by the XO.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.295-308
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• 1997

Liver tissues were taken from rats 20 min after administration of dehydrocholic acid and biligrafin, fasted for 8 days, and bile duct ligation for 48 hr. And the zonulae occludentes around the bile canaliculi were investigated by the freeze fracture method. In the normal rats, the zonulae occludentes showed networks consisting of one to four strands in many regions. After administration of dehydrocholic acid, the depth of zonulae occludentes were increased and networks consist of six to nine strands. The zonulae occludentes, however, were disorganized, and strands were reduced after administration of biligrafin. In the fasting rats, the zonulae occludentes showed one or two strands which were loosely linked. After ligation of bile duct, the zonulae occludentes were disorganized, and strands were reduced or still in a state not to be reduced. The strands were interrupted by gaps or linear particles in all the groups, especially in the biligrafin and the ligation. The free ends were remarkable in the fasting group and contact or surround the lateral gap junctions in the dehydrocholic acid group. The discontinuities and free ends of strands were also encountered in the normal group, thus suggesting that the barrier is not complete even in the normal state. The aggregation of particles appeared within the meshwork of zonulae occludentes in all the group, except for the ligation. From the evidence, it is assumed that zonulae occludentes are labile, differ in the structure according to the situation of bile canaliculi and show regional alterations even in the same bile canaliculi, that zonulae occludentes are affected by mechanical stress or certain other factors, and that there is a correlation between the strands and particle aggregations in association with the alteration of zonulae occludentes.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.409-413
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• 2012

This study aimed to compare the probiotic characteristics of twelve strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus including cholesterol assimilation and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production. Cholesterol assimilation exhibited some variation among L. acidophilus strains, which could be classified into three groups based on their assimilation levels (p<0.05). The high cholesterol assimilation group exhibited a significantly higher tolerance to 0.3 and 0.5% bile acid than the low cholesterol assimilation group (p<0.05). Cholesterol assimilation showed positive correlation with 0.5% bile tolerance, and a negative correlation with acid tolerance (p<0.01). Glycocholate deconjugation activity showed no relationship with cholesterol assimilation, whereas taurocholate deconjugation activity was shown to have negative correlation with cholesterol assimilation (p<0.05). CLA production by L. acidophilus strains exhibited a wide variation, ranging from 2.69 to 5.04 mg/g fat. CLA production of L. acidophilus GP1B was the highest among the tested strains, but there was no evidence for differences in CLA production in strain specificity. Based on these results, the cholesterol assimilation of L. acidophilus strains may not be related to deconjugation activity, but may in-fact be attributed to their bile-tolerance.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.547-550
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• 2005

Fourteen out of 87 strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated tram Kimchi were found to be resistant against the action of artificial gastric and bile juices. In particular, lactobacilli KM 3, 7, 28, and 37 showed strong resistance and their viable cell counts at the initial stage remained the same even after 3 hours of cultivation in an artificial gastric juice. However, the survival rates of KM 14, 28, and 64 were found to be significantly enhanced in artificial bile juice. Based on the paper disc method, it was evident that isolated lactic acid bacteria showed antibacterial effect against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Salmonella typhimurium. The isolated lactic acid bacteria were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.176-179
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• 1972

The bile secretion was accelerated generally by the administration of all derivatives tested: chemodeoxycholate, deoxycholate, cholate, dehydrocholate, 7-ketochenodeoxycholate, and 3, 7-diketochenodeoxycholate in decreasing order. Bile acids content in bile from animals administered with cholate was increased, however, other derivatives did not alter the contents of bile acids and bilirubin. In view of pharmacological point, all derivatives have hydrocholeretic action, however, only cholate exhibits typical choleretic action.