• Title/Summary/Keyword: benefit function

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Environmental Policy Comparison under Various Potential Forms of Health Response Function (건강반응함수를 고려한 환경정책의 비교)

  • Hlasny, Vladimir
    • Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.915-961
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    • 2010
  • This study is concerned with health damages from $SO_2$ under different assumptions on the relationship between air concentrations and their marginal health impacts. $SO_2$ concentration profiles resulting under emission caps, and a system of tradable emission allowances are compared. Using slopes and curvatures of the health response function consistent with evidence in medical literature, emission caps are shown to lead to lower aggregate damages under all considered parameters, an advantage of $26~452 million. The benefit of emission caps over tradable allowances increases with the curvature of the response function, but falls with its slope. The advantage of emission caps in terms of environmental damages is never overturned completely for the considered functional forms. The marginal damage function would have to be steeper than what the current medical evidence suggests for price instruments to outperform emission caps in terms of aggregate damages. With other welfare consequences included-emission abatement costs, consumer and producer surpluses, and government revenue-emission caps always lead to a $3.7~4.1 billion greater measure of social welfare.

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Time Series Observations of Outcome Variables and the Factors Associated with the Improvement in the Patient Outcomes of Cataract Surgery (백내장수술환자 결과 변수들의 시계열적 관찰과 진료결과 향상에 영향을 주는 요인)

  • Kim, Han-Joong;Park, Eun-Cheol;Choi, Yoon-Jung;Kang, Hyung-Gon
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.175-181
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    • 2001
  • Objectives : To compare the multiple outcomes of patients with cataract surgery at perioperative time,3-4 months and 12 months after surgery and to assess patient outcomes associated with visual improvement(visual acuity of operated eye, visual function-14(VF-14), symptom score). Methods : For this assessment, a prospective study was conducted with 389 patients who had undergone cataract surgery for either one eye or both eyes. The surgery was peformed by 20 ophthalmologists who were practicing at university hospitals and general hospitals. Patients were interviewed and clinical data were obtained. Doctors were questioned with self-reported questionnaire forms. Medical records were examined in order to measure variables related to the surgical process such as surgical methods and ocular comorbidity. The survey was 'conducted at 4 stages' : preoperative time(389 cases), perioperative time(344 cases, 88.4%), postoperative 3-4 months (343 cases, 88.2%), and postoperative 12 months (281 cases, 72.2%). After excluding cases with incomplete data, 198 cases were enrolled in the study. Patient outcomes was measured for any improvement in the functional outcomes(visual acuity of operated eye, visual function, symptom score) at postoperative 3-4 months. Results : The visual acuity(operated, weighted average), symptom score, VF-14 score, satisfaction with vision, and subjective health status were shown to be improved at the perioperative time, postoperative 3-4 months and 12 mouths. An improvement in the Snellen visual acuity score was observed in 190 patients(96.0%), whereas improvements of the VF-14 score and cataract symptom sure were observed in 151 patients(76.3%) and 179 patients(90.4%), respectively. All three outcome measures demonstrated improvement in 137 patients(09.2%). The improvement of the three functional outcomes at 3-4 months after receiving surgery was associated with a lower level of visual function and a higher level of cataract symptom score at perioperative time, as well as a greater experience level of the surgeon. Conclusions : In this study, the estimates of the proportion of patients benefiting from cataract surgery varied with the outcome measure of benefit. Preoperative VF-14 score, a measure of functional impairment related to vision, and symptom score may be better measures of the benefit derived from cataract surgery than the change in visual acuity.

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농식품안전 정책방향

  • Jo, Jang-Yong
    • 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2009.07a
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    • pp.3-18
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    • 2009
  • It is difficult for consumers to satisfy high safety request with post-management method such as inspection and surveillance, as various changes in-and-out of the country associated with food safety. In terms of food safety problems related to foods, it is crucial to recognize public health and consumer protection and construct pre-preventive Food Control System. A joint committee, FAO/WHO made the following consultations to the National Food Safety System. ${\circ}$ Approach entirely from farm to table ${\circ}$ Get ready for Risk Analysis System ${\circ}$ Secure transparency ${\circ}$ Establish the optimal policy by evaluating the effect of regulation When it comes to summarizing the consultation, it would be accumulated as two key words; "Efficiency" and "Credibility". Whereas the problem of efficiency focuses on precaution rather than post-management, it requires policy option to maximize consumer's benefit by evaluating the cost for the Food Safety Management and its benefit. Also, analyzing risk's character and amount, demanding an optimal means, and introducing scientific analysis system put much value on the stakeholder's communications are procedure's security which can satisfy both "Efficiency" and "Credibility" simultaneously. Especially, it is emphasized here that Risk Assessment need to be separated from Risk Management. This action is a valid means of credibility security throughout improving transparency. A number of nations and organizations have reformed the method of food management passing through reflection and examination of the prior National Food Safety Management since BSE occurred in Britain, 1996. FSA; Food Standard Agency, AFFSA, EFSA, BfR, and FSC are Risk Assessment Organization functionally separated from Risk Management Organization, JECFA, JMCFA, JMPR, JEMRA in Codex charge Risk Assessment internationally. In case of advanced countries excluding several those such as The U.S. and so forth, though these Risk Assessment Organizations are either separated functionally within Risk Management Organization or operated as apart organ, common factors are in which it has independence as Science Base. While securing independence of Risk Assessment Function, it is a tendency Risk Management should be functionally unified into efficiency as well. Though Germany constructs integral Risk Management System of diverse ways according to social and political conditions of each country such as GFOCP, DVFA, SNFA, CFIS and AQIS, there is a key word in the center, "Securing efficiency of Food Safety Management". However our nation has a representative plural;diversified system with The U.S., we took a step forward for unification as empowering policy's generalization;adjustment and Risk Assessment Function by means of enacting the "Food Safety Fundamental Law" in 2008 and establishing the "Food Safety Policy Commission" with private and governmental sectors in the Prime Minister's office. Even though the unification of Risk Management hereby increased, there is the lack of strengthening function of Risk Assessment and securing independence. It needs to be required for the professional committee in Food Safety Policy Commission to develop as a exclusive office of Risk Assessment by separating from a policy decision. Administrative Branches should reinforce feeble functions such as fundamental investigation;research for carrying out Risk Assessment with securing efficiency throughout reassessment of prior Risk Management Means.

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Factors Associated with Social Isolation in Older Adults using Senior Welfare Centers (복지회관 이용 노인의 사회적 고립감 예측요인)

  • Park, Yeon-Hwan;Kang, Hee-Sun
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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    • v.38 no.5
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    • pp.712-719
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    • 2008
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with social isolation in older adults using a senior welfare center. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey. Data was collected from June to August 2006 using a questionnaire. A total of 248 older adults responded. Results: About one third (34.9%) of participants responded they felt socially isolated. There were statistically significant differences in living, religion, family and belongingness social support, loneliness, depression, family function, perceived health status, and number of chronic illnesses between socially isolated and non isolated groups. However, factors influencing social isolation were family function (OR=0.954, CI=0.926-0.982), loneliness (OR=1.042, CI=1.002-1.083), depression (OR=1.041, CI=1.002-1.081), and number of chronic illness (OR=1.657, CI=1.153-2.382). Conclusion: We found that some older adults were feeling socially isolated even though the senior welfare center was a good place to meet people. The findings of this study indicated that older adults suffering from social isolation need special attention and may benefit from interventions which promote health and social interactions. Further studies are needed to develop and evaluate an intervention program for this population.

Discriminating Factors of Stages of Change in Bone Mass Promoting Behaviors after Bone Mineral Densitometry (골밀도 검사를 받은 여성의 골량증진행위 변화단계 판별요인)

  • Lee, Eun Nam;Son, Haeng Mi
    • Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.389-400
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    • 2007
  • Purposes: This study was designed to explore the stage distribution of subjects according to stage of change for calcium intake and for exercise, and to identify factors that could discriminate among subjects in various stages. Methods: The sample consisted of 142 subjects who had taken bone mineral densitometry tests. The instruments used in this study were the Stage Placement Instrument for Calcium Intake and Exercise, the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale and the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test, and the Osteoporosis Self Efficacy Scale. Data were analyzed using chi square, ANOVA, and discriminant analysis by using the SPSS 12.0 program. Results: For calcium stages, economic level, calcium knowledge, positive social norms for calcium intake, & educational level showed high standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients. For exercise stages, exercise efficacy, susceptibility, exercise benefit, educational level, positive social norm to exercise, educational level, and exercise barrier showed high standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients. Conclusion: This study implies that bone mass promoting program incorporating a stages of change model can be applied as useful nursing intervention.

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A Research on the Secondary School Teachers' Consciousness on Fisheries (중학교·실업계고 교사의 수산업 의식 분석)

  • KIM, Sam-Kon;YOON, ․Hyun-Sang
    • Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.101-114
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    • 2003
  • This study focused on how to activate the fisheries high school and develop fisheries. This data was collected from 108 vocational high school teachers and 94 middle school teachers. The treatment of materials is classified by gender, level of academic career and teaching career. This research evaluated percentage to the frequency of reponses to each question and carried out ${\chi}^2$-test and t-test, for the benefit of reliability. This statistically significant level which was conducted by using SPSS10.0 in accounted for p<.05. The conclusions of this study were as follows: The middle school teachers and vocational high school teachers showed positive response when general contents were included in question items, the other hand showed negative response when definite and special contents were included in question items. The vocational high school teachers showed lower answer score in the fisheries consciousness then middle school teachers in spite of vocational educational function. Different degrees of fisheries consciousness of two groups were resulted from research areas.

Optimal Dual Pricing and Passenger Safety Level for Cruise Revenue Management

  • Cho, Seong-Cheol;Zhang, Mengfei
    • Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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    • v.41 no.2
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    • pp.63-70
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    • 2017
  • Despite the remarkable continual growth of the world cruise industry, studies have yet to be attempted on many revenue management problems in cruise operations. This paper suggests two schemes that can be easily applied to cruise revenue management: optimal dual pricing and passenger safety level. In optimal dual pricing, a pair of higher and lower prices is applied to cabin reservation through market segmentation. This scheme can be executed with a linear price-response function for the current unreserved cabins. A cruise line could benefit from this scheme to maximize reservation revenue while attaining full occupancy. The dual pricing scheme is also devised to produce only integer demands to suit real management practices. The life boat capacity is an additional service capacity unique to the cruise industry, catering to passengers' safety. The concept of passenger safety level is defined and computed for any passenger life boat capacity of a cruise ship. It can be used to evaluate the passenger safety of a cruise ship in operation, as well as to determine the number of life boat seats required for a new cruise ship. Hypothetical examples are used to illustrate the operation of these two schemes.

Development of portable game device with uncompressed HD video and high quality sound output (비압축 HD급 영상 및 고음질 음성 출력을 지원하는 휴대용 게임기 구현)

  • Lee, Chung-Hee;Lee, Jong-Hun;Jung, Woo-Young
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • 2006.10c
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    • pp.391-393
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    • 2006
  • In this paper, we develop a portable game device with uncompressed HD video and high quality sound output. Portable game devices support not only game function but also various complex functions recently. It especially supports TV-Out port to play realistic game, connecting a large screen display device. But the video and audio output signals of conventional TV-out port have the low performance and these signals are analog output. So, it is difficult that the users enjoy realistic game with benefit of high resolution digital TV. We propose the game device output with uncompressed digital signal, which has no delay of video/audio signal, also has strong immunity to external noise. Since it supports a high resolution video and high quality sound, users can playa realistic game. First, we implement the HDMI to the game device and we test reliability with the various resolutions video inputs and audio inputs. The proposed method can be applied multimedia devices requiring high performance output function as well as portable devices.

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An Implementation of the Position Controller for Multiple Motors Using CAN (CAN 통신을 이용한 다중모터 위치제어기 구현)

  • Yi, Keon-Young
    • The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers D
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    • v.51 no.2
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    • pp.55-60
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    • 2002
  • This paper presents a controller for the multiple DC motors using the CAN(Controller Area Network). The controller has a benefit of reducing the cable connections and making the controller boards compact through the network including expansibility. CAN, among the field buses, is a serial communication methodology which has the physical layer and the data link layer in the ISO's OSI (Open System Interconnect) 7 layered reference model. It provides the user with many powerful features including multi-master functionality and the ability to broadcast / multicast telegrams. When we use a microprocessor chip embedding the CAN function, the system becomes more economical and reliable to react shortly in the data transmission. The controller, we proposed, is composed of two main controllers and a sub controller, which have built with a one-chip microprocessor having CAN function. The sub controller is plugged into the Pentium PC to perform a CAN communication, and connected to the main controllers via the CAN. Main controllers are responsible for controlling two motors respectively. Totally four motors, actuators for the biped robot in our laboratory, are controlled in the experiment. We show that the four motors are controlled properly to actuate the biped robot through the network in real time.

Function of Fund Distributor and Appropriateness of Sales Fees in Funds (펀드 판매사의 역할과 판매 보수의 적정성 : 한국의 주식형 펀드를 대상으로)

  • Won, Seung-Yeon
    • The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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    • v.26 no.1
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    • pp.31-64
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    • 2009
  • This paper evaluates the role of fund distributors and the appropriateness of sales fees in funds by the empirical analysis of Korean equity funds. The empirical results are summarized as follows. First, this paper shows that the funds with higher sales fees do not have better performance. Rather, the higher sales fees cause the returns of funds to decrease in Korean equity funds. Second, it is not confirmed that both banks and securities firms, as fund distributors, contribute to the better performance of funds. Especially, the banks gave more negative influence on the performance of funds by imposing higher sales fees in funds than the securities firms. The empirical results suggest that the sales fees of funds are unduly imposed in comparison to the function of fund distributors and therefore, the structure of fund fees should be improved for the benefit of fund investors.

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