• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.123-126
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• 2004

This study aims to identify the change of bathroom design characteristics through the investigation of bathroom space in apartment model houses. The bathroom space of each private exclusive area was analyzed from the plane characteristics perspective such as quantity, location, size and shape. For this study, site survey and observation was performed to analyze the characteristics of plane and design based on twenty seven model houses of seven large-sized construction firms with Seoul area focused on. Research object was restricted to from ten Pyeong's apartment to sixty Pyeong's in order to understand various characteristics of twenty seven model houses. Since analysis variables were not diverse, the main three factors - frequency, percentage and an average - were represented in Microsoft Excel worksheet, focusing on the quantity of each case, design characteristics and pattern. 1) The quantity of bathrooms: It was turned out that the quantity of bathroom was one in ten Pyeong's apartment while it was two in thirty, forty, and fifty Pyeong's apartment. There were mostly two bathrooms available in twenty Pyeong's apartment even if only one was planned in few cases. All powder rooms and dress rooms in twenty and fifty Pyeong's apartment were designed to be separated and be accessible through bedroom. 2) The size of bathrooms: As private exclusive area increased, the size of bathroom for both family and couple increased. Couple bathrooms had the tendency to be equipped with shower booth and bathtub at the same place or have more tubs than family bathrooms because couple bathrooms were bigger than family bathrooms. 3) The location of bathrooms: Couple bathrooms were usually located beyond dress rooms or powder rooms while family bathrooms were mostly located at the entrance side. 4) The shape of bathrooms: Shower booth was assumed to be in general vogue because family bathrooms, for the most part, were comprised of a flush toilet, a washstand and a shower booth. In the case of couple bathrooms, a flush toilet, a washstand, a shower booth and a tub were generally equipped in more than twenty Pyeong's apartments while a tub was not installed in twenty Pyeong's apartments.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.154-162
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• 2015

As there is no case study with current status, measurements or description on the state of actual site of rural area only, the delivery of actual conditions about such an area is significantly limited. The purpose of this study is to pinpoint issues with housing conditions of low-income family with disabled members in the rural area. For such a purpose, 25 households of disabled people have been visited for interview, on-site research and survey, of which results are summed up in this paper as following: First, average monthly income of such family turned out to be KRW 480,000, most of which is from the government subsidy. High ratio of such families has resided in a house with average size of approximately 56m2 for about 24 years. Secondly the most needed maintenance work with top priority was for the toilet, and many of the interviewees expressed their discomfort about small size of their bathrooms and inconvenient facilities therein. Thirdly, most of such houses had too high thresholds that posed danger and inconvenience. Such thresholds had average height of 13cm, which can be considered as completely inconsiderate of disabled users. Fourth issue was that these people needed safety handle that will enable them to stand up or to be in the standing posture in the living room and bedroom where they spend most of their time. Fifthly, they wanted finishing materials with waterproof functionality as well as replacement of finishing materials and wallpaper which were too old and caused hygiene issues. As these issues represent, current housing for disabled people in the rural area turned out to be poor and risky space rather than the place where difficulty of individual situation can be resolved or their disability can be complemented. Thus it can be determined that now is the time to arrange the solutions for such housing difficulties and to establish customized housing plan to ensure safety and convenience.

• Archives of design research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.209-216
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to find out the characteristics of the floor plans of luxurious row-houses. The examined objects were 135 floor plans with the individual exclusive space of 50 pyung or more which collected from the solicitations for sale or the magazines of architecture, housing, or interiors. The major findings were summarized as follows: First, it is revealed that as the floor size become bigger, the appropriate additional spaces such as second family room, lounge hobbyroom and Atelier are formed instead of increasing room size. Second, it is revealed that the L- DK type was the most common in LDK system. Third, it is revealed that the master's zone composed generalized layout of 4 sections such as bedroom, sittingroom, bathroom, dressingroom. Fourth, it is revealed that the multifunctional room exist as a individual space located next to the kitchen. It used to be a post of rear balcony.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.122-130
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• 2014

The objective of this paper is to investigate problems associated with Rural Housing Standard Plans for the Elderly based on the current status of 12 houses belonging to elderly people (60's and over) living in rural areas and engaged in farming activities, and to suggest improvements. The methods employed were a field survey with interviews and literature review. The results are as follows. First, the Plans were deemed inappropriate to prevent the possible accidents in entrance area such as slippiness and falls because the eaves are not long enough. Second, the area of foyer and the volume of foyer storage in the Plans are not enough to accommodate the subject's behaviors and their rural life. Third, rather than using the sink, many subjects preferred to wash simply in the shower while sitting, so the planning of a bathroom can't meet the subject's needs and behaviors. Fourth, the subjects prefer L + DK to LDK but the Plans were designed in the manner of LDK only. Fifth, the subjects have needs for bathrooms belong to the master bedrooms, but only one case of Plans satisfied their needs. Six, bedrooms with the exception of the master bedroom are used as storage in order to make up for a lack of storage space, but many storage space such as dressing rooms and pantries was not taken into consideration in the Plans. Lastly, the planning of storehouses does not meet the subjects' using behaviors for storehouses and the level of desirable capacity of goods.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.6-21
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• 1984

A rock slide in amount of 100 tons in weight happened at 7: 10 a.m., 4th October 1982, on the southwestern ridge of Mt. Seunghag, Busan City. The original rock mass of the rock slide is located 850m west from the Dangri Crushed Stone Quarry. The geology of the area consists of agglomerate, andesite, andesitic tuff, and shale hornfels of the Cretaceous Yucheon Group. The rock blocks were first shifted along the steep joint plane on an andesite outcrop at the site and then to the eastern foot of the mountain slope where some private houses are placed. The mountain slope is covered with thick superficial soil. A slided monolithic-block with 83 tons in weight from the rock slide met with an accident of striking against a house with a tremendous force, to which much damage was done as much as its half was destroyed. The rock-slided block pierced the board-floored room only posited at the center and by the bedroom of the house making a pass like a bullet hole, and hence cut a big pine tree with 24 centimeters in diameter at a distance of 26 meters down the house. However nobody was killed or injured in the stricken house, though seven family members were stayed therein at the very time of accident. They really met a rare opportunity in an unhappy disaster. Measurements of the rock slide were made in the course of the field survey. The monolithic mass was transported by way of saltation, rolling, and sliding to a distance of 300 meters down along the slope dipping 30$^{\circ}$ east. It took about 16 seconds front tile outcrop to the terminal. The acceleration value of the monolithic rock slide is 2.35m/sec$^2$.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.423-435
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to observe the current consumption of bedding products, purchase behavior, and to compare between purchase criteria and degree of satisfaction after the purchase. Independent variables are age, consumer's knowledge and involvement about the bedding materials. This study can contribute for bedding product marketing strategies and design development. We used questionnaires that were distributed to 500 females aged in 20s to 50s, using stratified sampling method. Only 457 reliable questionnaires were selected for statistical analysis. Data were analyzed statistically through frequencies, paired t-test, ANOVA, Dunnett T3, Chi-test, using SPSS (Version 12.0). The results of this study are as follows. The types of bedroom was significantly associated with age variables. Women in 20's to 30's were using the mixture of Ondol and bed(chimdaie), while 40's to 50's women were using bed for all their rooms. The usage of filling material for the comforter(ibul) was significantly associated with the age group. 20's to 30's age group preferred synthetic fibers for the filling, while 40 to 50's women preferred cotton fibers. Generally, the most of people used quilted comforter and they used cotton material as filling materials of comforters. As to purchase behavior, the most frequent place of purchase was specialty store of bedding products, and the highest percentage of motivation for purchase was "deformation after the use/throwing away". Purchase motivation for bedding was related with the age variable and the clusters based on the knowledge of bedding materials. We analysed the comparison test purchase criteria and satisfaction. In all attributes except brand image, people evaluated lower in satisfaction after purchase than in criteria before purchase.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2014

This research is aimed to analyze the basic characteristics of the 16 floor plans of 4 small-sized apartments in DaLian-City. Recently, there are increasing that a small-sized apartments for new younger generation in China. The younger ages intend to got a new floor plan types apartments according to own's life style. Also, a lot of construction company showed the many types of new residential space design during the last about 10 years, in DaLian City. The research results are summarized as follows: First, all of the floor plan types were '-' shape, 'L' shape. Second, there were several co-relational types of space plan between living room, kitchen and dining space. Those are LDK, L K, L DK, LD K. Third, the bedroom of the $30m^2$-floor plan size has an open-space design but over the size of $40m^2$-floor plan the space is closed design. Fourth, The number of bathrooms in all the floor plans is just 1 and it's placed beside the entrance except for B3, C4. The basic equipments of the lavatory was a toilet, a washbowl, a shower. A bathtub is installed in the floor plans greater than $60m^2$. Fifth, almost all of the characteristics of the spatial interrelation - each room position order - based on the location of the entrance. In particular, almost all of the bedrooms are furthest from the entrance for the most privacy.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.19-26
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• 2014

The number of elderly who wants to access to Nursing Homes (NH) will increase due to the rapid aging society and domestic changes. Those who move into NH expect 24/7 care service in safe environment. Providing space free from danger, especially from fall, for the frail elderly is essential. The purpose of this study is to categorize performance needs of flooring materials in the aspect of safety, and analyze materials so that adequate ones for each space in NH can be suggested. Performance needs are as follows; slip resistance (dry/wet), fire resistance, resilience, water resistance, soil retardant, anti-bacterial, gloss, sound absorbtion. maintenance, durability, ease replacement, color and pattern variety, visual and tactual texture, tactile warmth, IAQ, sustainable material (before use), impact to nature (after use). They are categorized under function, economy, sensibility and sustainability. It was found that there are better materials than common ones that has been used repeatedly in NHs, such as vinyl sheets and VCT. In overall, Cork flooring and nylon carpet met all four categories, followed by wool carpet, rubber and linoleum. For bedroom, wood flooring, Cork, rubber, wool carpet, nylon carpets were suggested. In bathroom with shower, rubber, vinyl sheet and porcelain tiles were safe materials. As living/dining room and corridor floors, wool carpet, nylon carpet, cork flooring would be excellent as they are resilient and durable. The result of this paper can be used by both NH managers and material companies, resulting better quality of life of the elderly by providing safe environment.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.4 s.91
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• pp.254-261
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• 2006

In activity areas of subway workers and passengers in Seoul metropolitan subway lines 1-4, mein concentrations of airborne bacteria were relatively higher in workers' bedroom and station precinct whereas concentrations of particulate matters, $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$, were relatively higher in platform, inside train and driver's seat as compared with other activity areas. This result indicates that little correlation between airborne bacteria and particulate matters was found, which assumed that most airborne particulate matters distributed in subway consisted of mainly inorganic dust like a metal particles. Mean concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in station precinct and platform exceeded the threshold limit value ($PM_{10}:150{\mu}g/m^3,\;PM_{2.5}:65{\mu}g/m^3$) but those in station office and ticket office were below it. The genera identified in all the activity areas of subway over 5% detection rate were Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus and Corynebacterium, of which Staphylococcus and Micrococcus covered over 50% of total airborne bacteria and were considered as predominant genera distributed in subway.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.167-191
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• 1989

The present study was conducted to devlop and appropriate retirement home model for the elderly in terms of clothing and textiles; nutrition, health, and foodservice; housing and environment; and psychological adaptation. Specifically, the purposes of the study were: 1) to provide basic guidelines for clothing by comparing the clothing behavior of the elderly living in the retirement home and those living in their own homes with family, 2) to provide basic guidelines for balanced diet and effective foodservice, 3) to develop an ideal life space and facilities, and 4) to assess the psychological characteristics of the elderly. Questionnaires, observation, experimental method, and survey of literature were used for the study. Clothing behavior showed that the elderly were much concerned about clothing, and they preferred comfortable as well as fashionable designs. The elderly in the retirement homes complained of a lack of quantity and variety in clothing. They preferred natural fiber rather than blended fabrics. Flame resistance, thermal insulation, and flexibility of textile fabrics were found to be prime considerations in manufacturing and selecting clothing materials for the elderly. The health status of the surveyed elderly was generally good, but some poor eating habits were observed. Dietary nutrients intakes were generally sufficient, but several nutrients intakes were insufficient. The level of equipment in the kitchens of the institutions was low. Furthermore, the employment rate of dietitians in institutional settings was extremely low. This resulted in a lack of systematic foodservice management. Residents in the institution were generally satisfied with present life space and facilities but this was mainly because of abandonment, adaptation, and past experience. Optimal allocation of residents per bedroom and an adequate design for storage, bathroom, utility room, and dining room were recommended. The comparison of psychological status of the elderly living at home was more stable than those living in an institution. The emotional state of the elderly living in the institution was characterized by loneliness; they did not have close interpersonal relationships or future plans. An appropriate model for the elderly was developed on the basis of these findings.