• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.198.2-198.2
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• 2014

We investigated change of the electronic structure, chemical states and elements ratio in graphene film by using photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). The graphene electrode has attracted considerable interest due to its possible applications in flexible organic light emitting diodes (F-OLEDs). However, to use the graphene for OLEDs, sufficient increase of work function is required, that is related with hole injection barrier. Plasma treatment is one of the most widely used method in OLEDs to increase the work function of the anode such as indium tin oxide (ITO). In this work, we used the plasma treatment, which is generated by various gas types such as O2, and Ar to increase the work function of the graphene film. From these results, we discuss the relation among the change of work function, plasma power, plasma treatment time and gas types.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

Objective : Prolonged use of systemic corticosteroids negatively impacts skin barrier function. Corticosteroids have a major role in the practical management of many diseases, so it is necessary to find the drug or supplement which could keep the skin healthy during the systemic corticosteroids therapy. Seed of Trichossnthcs kiiilowii was commonly used for pulmonary disease in traditional Chinese medicine. Many studies have investigated and found that seed of Trichosanthes kirilowii has anti-bacterial, anti-HIV, anti-tumor and immunoregulatory functions. This study was performed to investigate the effect of seed of Trichosmthes kirilowii on the Skin Barrier Method : Triamcinolone 0.4mg was injected male hairless mice for 5 weeks ( 2 times a week, totally 10 times), Just before the first injection, hairless mice were divided into 3 groups; Control ( normal saline medicated group ), GroupA( seed of Trichosuuhes kirilowii qd/day medicated group ) and GroupB( seed of Trichosuuhes kiiilowii bid/day medicated group ), Body weight of all the groups were checked during the experiment, After $10^{th}$ injection, TEWL (Transeidermal water loss) of 3 groups were artificially increased by 9 times tape stripping and the changes of TEWL were checked at before stripping, right after, 2h, 4h, 6h, 24h, 48 and 72h later after stripping, AST, ALT and CBC were also checked. Indeed, stratum corneum of 3 groups were also examined and compared with that of normal hairless mouse. Results : 1. GroupB showed significantly lower body weight among three groups 2, There was no statistical difference at AST, ALT and CBC among three groups 3. GroupB was showed significantly lower TEWL than TEWL of Control at 48h later. 4 GroupB recovered it's TEWL of before tape stripping at 24h later, GroupA recovered that at 48h and Control recovered that at 72h later at the same condition 5. Stratum corneum of GroupA and GroupB were looked almost normal and healthy. On the contrary, stratum corneum of Control was looked thin and unhealthy. Conclusions : Seed of Ttichossnthes kirilowii has some effects on skin barrier function, especially TEWL of high dose corticosteroids injected hairless mouse and the efficacy seemed to be related with the dosage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.880-888
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• 2015

Foeniculum vulgare (FV) has long been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In addition, it is usually known as an important medicinal and aromatic plant widely used as a carminative, digestive, lactogogue, and diuretic, and for treating respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders. The skin barrier protects against the invasion of pathogens, fends off chemical and physical assaults, and protects against extensive water loss. In this study, the effects of solvent-fractionated FV fruits on strengthening the skin barrier and maintaining moisture, as well as their antifungal activity, were investigated in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. The expression of involucrin, loricrin, filaggrin, hyaluronic acid synthase, human β defensin, and cathelicidin genes and proteins was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. The production of hyaluronic acid was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The butanol fraction increased the expression of involucrin and filaggrin. Both the ethyl acetate and the butanol fractions increased hyaluronic acid production by promoting the expression of hyaluronic acid synthase-1. Although the antimicrobial peptides were increased by FV crude extract and its fractions, the samples did not show a significant effect compared to the normal group. These results suggest that the butanol fraction of FV could be very useful in cosmetics for the treatment of dermatological diseases.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1235-1249
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protection of glutamate (GLU) against the impairment in intestinal barrier function induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stress in weaned pigs. Methods: Twenty-four weaned pigs were divided into four treatments containing: i) non-challenged control, ii) LPS-challenged control, iii) LPS+1.0% GLU, and iv) LPS+2.0% GLU. On day 28, pigs were treated with LPS or saline. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, and 4 h post-injection. After blood samples collection at 4 h, all pigs were slaughtered, and spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and intestinal samples were obtained. Results: Dietary GLU supplementation inhibited the LPS-induced oxidative stress in pigs, as demonstrated by reduced malondialdehyde level and increased glutathione level in jejunum. Diets supplemented with GLU enhanced villus height, villus height/crypt depth and claudin-1 expression, attenuated intestinal histology and ultrastructure impairment induced by LPS. Moreover, GLU supplementation reversed intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte number decrease and mast cell number increase induced by LPS stress. GLU reduced serum cortisol concentration at 4 h after LPS stress and downregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal corticotropin-releasing factor signal (corticotrophin-releasing factor [CRF], CRF receptor 1 [CRFR1], glucocorticoid receptor, tryptase, nerve growth factor, tyrosine kinase receptor A), and prevented mast cell activation. GLU upregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal transforming growth factor β. Conclusion: These findings indicate that GLU attenuates LPS-induced intestinal mucosal barrier injury, which is associated with modulating CRF signaling pathway.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.157-178
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• 2013

This study gives a conceptual and basic direction to develop a URL (underground research laboratory) program for establishing the performance and safety of a deep geological disposal system in Korea. The concept of deep geological disposal is one of the preferred methodologies for the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). Advanced countries with radioactive waste disposal have developed their own disposal concepts reasonable to their social and environmental conditions and applied to their commercial projects. Deep geological disposal system is a multi-barrier system generally consisting of an engineered barrier and natural barrier. A disposal facility and its host environment can be relied on a necessary containment and isolation over timescales envisaged as several to tens of thousands of years. A disposal system is not allowed in the commercial stage of the disposal program without a validation and demonstration of the performance and safety of the system. All issues confirming performance and safety of a disposal system include investigation, analysis, assessment, design, construction, operation and closure from planning to closure of the deep geological repository. Advanced countries perform RD&D (research, development & demonstration) programs to validate the performance and safety of a disposal system using a URL facility located at the preferred rock area within their own territories. The results and processes from the URL program contribute to construct technical criteria and guidelines for site selection as well as suitability and safety assessment of the final disposal site. Furthermore, the URL program also plays a decisive role in promoting scientific understanding of the deep geological disposal system for stakeholders, such as the public, regulator, and experts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1156-1166
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of compound organic acid calcium (COAC) on growth performance, hepatic antioxidant status and intestinal barrier of male broilers under high ambient temperature (32.7℃). Methods: Nine hundred healthy one-d-old Cobb-500 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned into three groups with six replicates of 50 birds each. A basal diet supplemented with 0% (control), 0.4% and 0.8% COAC, respectively were fed to birds for 6 weeks. All treatments were under high ambient indoor temperature of 32.7℃, and had a constant calcium and available phosphorus ratio. Results: The results showed that, compared with control, the average daily gain of broilers in 0.4% and 0.8% was significantly increased and the ratio of feed to gain in in 0.4% and 0.8% was significantly decreased at 1 to 21, 22 to 42 and 1 to 42 days of age (p<0.05). Compared with control, 0.8% COAC slightly decreased (p = 0.093) the content of malondialdehyde in liver at 42 days of age while 0.4% COAC significantly decreased (p<0.05) the activity of alkaline phosphatase. Furthermore, 0.4% COAC significantly enhanced the intestinal barrier function via increasing jejunal and ileal ocln transcription, promoting jejunal mucin 2 transcription at 42 days of age (p<0.05), and decreasing jejunal toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) and ileal TLR-15, inducible nitric oxide synthase compared with control group (p<0.05). Whereas, no significant differences on the transcription of interleukin-1β in jejunum and ileum were observed among three treatments (p>0.05). Overall, heat stress caused by high natural environment temperature may induce the damage to hepatic antioxidation and intestinal barrier. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of COAC can improve the tolerance of broilers to thermal environment through the modification of antioxidative parameters in liver and the mRNA expression of genes in intestinal barrier, resulting in an optimal inclusion level of 0.4%.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.122-126
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• 2011

Introduction: In the lateral window approach for a maxillary sinus bone graft, there has been considerable controversy regarding the placement of a barrier membrane over the osteotomy site. In particular, when there is no damage to the Schneiderian membrane, clinicians should decide whether to use a barrier membrane or not, considering the benefits and costs. This study presents the clinical cases to demonstrate that only repositioning the detached window can lead to satisfactory bony healing of the grafted material without using a barrier membrane in the lateral approach for a maxillary sinus bone graft. Materials and Methods: Five consecutive patients were treated with the same surgical procedures. After performing the antrostomy on the lateral maxillary wall using a round carbide bur and diamond bur, the bony window was detached by a gentle levering action. After confirming no perforation of the Schneiderian membrane, the grafting procedure was carried out the detached window of the lateral maxillary wall was repositioned over the grafted material without using a barrier membrane. A gross examination was carried out at the postoperative 6 month re-entry, and the the preoperative and postoperative dental computed tomography (CT) at re-entry were compared. Results: All the procedures in the 5 patients went on to uneventful healing with no complications associated with the bone graft. Satisfactory bone regeneration without the interference of fibrous tissue on the gap between the repositioned window and lateral wall of the maxillary sinus was observed in the postoperative 6 month re-entry. The CT findings at re-entry revealed the, reconstruction of the external cortical plate including repositioned bony window. In addition, the loss of the discontinuity of the lateral maxillary wall was confirmed. Conclusion: This preliminary report showed that the detached window, which was just repositioned on the grafted material, could function as a barrier membrane in the lateral approach for a maxillary sinus bone graft. Therefore additional morphometric and histologic studies will be needed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2018

Recently, a port city has been gradually expanding near coastal area, and many facilities for tourism and waterfront have been constructed near the shore. When storm surge developed by typhoon have occurred, coastal facilities have a lot of damage and failure with loss of life caused directly by the waves. Various barriers have been suggested to protect property and human life from disasters, they have not been widely applied though. Because they do not satisfy the recent trends that emphasize the surrounding scenery. In this study, a moveable barrier on revetment is proposed against wave overtopping. This moveable barrier has two function, sightseeing and protecting. In case of usual day, it is installed on the revetment and used observatory deck for sightseeing. When wave overtopping has occurred by storm surge, it protect coastal area through changing of flat deck to triangular barrier. The hydraulic and the structural performance of the newly proposed movable barrier was investigated through numerical analysis using commercial program. As a results, this structure has numerically good performance, and follow-up research is required through experimental tests though.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2015

Skin is the soft outer covering of vertebrates that provides protection from pathogenic infection, physical damage, or UV irradiation, and controls body temperature and water content. In this study, we examined the effects of oral intake of kimchi-derived Lactobacillus plantarum K8 lysates on skin moisturizing. In an in vitro study, we observed that the hyaluronic acid content increased in HaCaT cells treated with L. plantarum K8 lysates. Oral administration of L. plantarum K8 lysates effectively attenuated the horny layer formation and decreased epidermal thickening in DNCB-treated SKH-1 hairless mice skin. The damage to barrier function was reduced after 8 weeks of oral administration of L. plantarum K8 lysates as compared with that in the atopic dermatitis mice. For the test with volunteers, we manufactured experimental candy containing 2.1% L. plantarum K8 lysates, while control candy did not contain bacterial lysate. A significant increase in hydration in the experimental candy-administered group as compared with the control candy-administered group was observed on the face after 4 and 8 weeks, and on the forearm after 4 weeks. Decreases in horny layer thickness and TEWL value were observed on the face and forearm of the experimental group. Together, the in vitro cell line and in vivo mouse studies revealed that L. plantarum K8 lysates have a moisturizing effect. A clinical research study with healthy volunteers also showed an improvement in barrier repair and function when volunteers took L. plantarum K8 lysates-containing candy. Thus, our results suggest that L. plantarum K8 lysates may help to improve skin barrier function.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.134-134
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• 2011

High-k dielectric materials such as $HfO_2$, $ZrO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$ increase gate capacitance and reduce gate leakage current in MOSFET structures. This behavior suggests that high-k materials will be promise candidates to substitute as a tunnel barrier. Furthermore, stack structure of low-k and high-k tunnel barrier named variable oxide thickness (VARIOT) is more efficient.[1] In this study, we fabricated the $WSi_2$ nanocrystals nonvolatile memory device with $SiO_2/HfO_2/Al_2O_3$ tunnel layer. The $WSi_2$ nano-floating gate capacitors were fabricated on p-type Si (100) wafers. After wafer cleaning, the phosphorus in-situ doped poly-Si layer with a thickness of 100 nm was deposited on isolated active region to confine source and drain. Then, on the gate region defined by using reactive ion etching, the barrier engineered multi-stack tunnel layers of $SiO_2/HfO_2/Al_2O_3$ (2 nm/1 nm/3 nm) were deposited the gate region on Si substrate by using atomic layer deposition. To fabricate $WSi_2$ nanocrystals, the ultrathin $WSi_2$ film with a thickness of 3-4 nm was deposited on the multi-stack tunnel layer by using direct current magnetron sputtering system [2]. Subsequently, the first post annealing process was carried out at $900^{\circ}C$ for 1 min by using rapid thermal annealing system in nitrogen gas ambient. The 15-nm-thick $SiO_2$ control layer was deposited by using ultra-high vacuum magnetron sputtering. For $SiO_2$ layer density, the second post annealing process was carried out at $900^{\circ}C$ for 30 seconds by using rapid thermal annealing system in nitrogen gas ambient. The aluminum gate electrodes of 200-nm thickness were formed by thermal evaporation. The electrical properties of devices were measured by using a HP 4156A precision semiconductor parameter analyzer with HP 41501A pulse generator, an Agillent 81104A 80MHz pulse/pattern generator and an Agillent E5250A low leakage switch mainframe. We will discuss the electrical properties for application next generation non-volatile memory device.