• BMB Reports
• /
• v.52 no.4
• /
• pp.259-264
• /
• 2019

Social requirements are needed for living in an aging society and individual longevity. Among them, improved health and medical cares, appropriate for an aging society are strongly demanded. Human cord blood-derived plasma (hUCP) has recently emerged for its unique anti-aging effects. In this study, we investigated brain rejuvenation, particularly olfactory function, that could be achieved by a systemic administration of young blood and its underlying mechanisms. Older than 24-month-old mice were used as an aged group and administered with intravenous injection of hUCP repetitively, eight times. Anti-aging effect of hUCP on olfactory function was evaluated by buried food finding test. To investigate the mode of action of hUCP, brain, serum and spleen of mice were collected for further ex vivo analyses. Systemic injection of hUCP improved aging-associated olfactory deficits, reducing time for finding food. In the brain, although an infiltration of activated microglia and its expression of cathepsin S remarkably decreased, significant changes of proinflammatory factors were not detected. Conversely, peripheral immune balance distinctly switched from predominance of Type 1 helper T (Th1) cells to alternative regulatory T cells (Tregs). These findings indicate that systemic administration of hUCP attenuates age-related neuroinflammation and subsequent olfactory dysfunction by modulating peripheral immune balance toward Treg cells, suggesting another therapeutic function and mechanism of hUCP administration.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.22-28
• /
• 2022

Objective: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress engages the unfolded protein response (UPR) that serves as an important mechanism for modulating hepatic fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis. Chronic fasting in mice induced the UPR activation to regulate lipid metabolism. However, there is no direct evidence of whether negative energy balance (NEB) induces ER stress in the liver of cows. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between the NEB attributed to feed deprivation and ER stress in bovine hepatocytes. Methods: Blood samples and liver biopsy tissues were collected from 6 non-lactating cows before and after their starvation for 48 h. The blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and glucose level were analyzed. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to explore the regulation of genes associated with UPR and lipid metabolism. Results: The starvation increased the plasma BHBA and NEFA levels and decreased the glucose level. Additionally, the starvation caused significant increases in the mRNA expression level of spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) and the protein level of phosphorylated inositol-requiring kinase 1 alpha (p-IRE1α; an upstream protein of XBP1) in the liver. The mRNA expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and its target fatty acid oxidation- and ketogenesis-related genes were significantly upregulated by the starvation-mediated NEB. Furthermore, we found that the mRNA expression levels of lipogenic genes were not significantly changed after starvation. Conclusion: These findings suggest that in the initial stage of NEB in dairy cows, the liver coordinates an adaptive response by activating the IRE1 arm of the UPR to enhance ketogenesis, thereby avoiding a fatty liver status.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.621-655
• /
• 2004

Emission Trading (ET) among Annex I countries as expounded in Kyoto mechanism can be an effective mean to control Greenhouse Gases(GHGs), particularly $CO_2$ emissions from fossil fuels. For the international ET to be an effective tool to reduce the global emissions, however, it presupposes that there are no carbon leakage, i.e. Annex I emitters will purchase emission permits if emitting above caps, rather than importing emission-intensive goods from non-Annex I countries thus inducing the foreigners to emit instead. The extent to which a country leaks carbon through trade can be revealed by its bilateral balance of current accounts and related Balance of Emissions Embodied in Trade (BEET) supplemented by Emission Terms of Trade (ETT). Earlier studies on BEET and ETT relied on few selected countries in a partial equilibrium context, Korea being treated as insignificant though she is not a minor emitter. This paper is an attempt to examine BEET in the global CGE framework and to compare its structural difference across countries, with a special emphasis on South Korea.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.14 no.7
• /
• pp.101-114
• /
• 2016

Purpose - The aim of this study is to investigate the benefit-sharing activities. They affect contract renewal intention between franchisers and franchisees that are linked through a contract with the intention of building their relationship from the level based on dynamic trust. This study will show a new approach on qualitative growth and consolidation of competitive power and may well be able to suggest practical ways to strengthen directions in the field of franchise industries. Research design, data, and methodology - In this study, based on literature review, we separated logistical-supporting activities and non-logistical-supporting activities from benefit-sharing activities. We modeled how benefit-sharing activities influence contract renewal intention of franchisees by dynamic trust. In particular, considering the possibility of trading concepts and characteristics of trust between providers opportunistic behaviors was defined as variables, depending on the situation and dynamic characters reveal their relationship trust concept. That is, dynamic trust having the possibility of changing depending on opportunistic risks and interdependencies by Lewis & Weigert(1985, 2012) was classified into transitional-based trust, calculated based trust, relational-based trust and balance-based on trust. The total of 104 samples from domestic franchisees being with franchisees were collected by using a structural composed questionnaire. Results - The results are as following. Benefit-sharing activities in logistical supporting activities appeared to affect the multidimensional concept of transitional trust, calculated based on trust, relationship-based trust and balance based on trust dynamic trust with all-defined impact. Non-logistical supporting activities appeared to affect significantly the positive (+) to the dynamic trust concept except transitional trust. Lewis & Weigert(1985; 2012) have proposed a dynamic confidence calculated from relations within-based trust relationship based on trust appears to affect the significant positive (+) to the balance-based confidence transactions confidence mechanism of the system side in the verified relationship. Finally, a relationship based on trust and confidence in the balance based on the Influence of dynamic renewed confidence showed significantly affect the positive(+). In particular, the balance based trust showed the acts as a mediating factors between relational trust and confidence and renew calculated. Conclusion - From the above these results, the significance from this study is as following. First, the proposed activity is to share and validate the approach by identifying the potential in the relationship from the contract with building dynamic trust, and one of the ways from the franchise headquarters and affiliated merchants mutual growth through win-win cooperation in sharing activities. Next, the dynamic segmentation confidence to suggest the possibility can be broken down over the validity and reliability test for each concept. In addition, by identifying the relationship between the dynamic level of confidence granular multi-dimensional concept, to determine the level of trust with a dynamic relationship between risk and interdependencies can be possible in franchise industries. In order to maintain and develop their mutual relationship, franchise industries should propose confidence-building steps to promote their quality improvement.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.290-300
• /
• 2023

This study was understood the risk mechanism of falls in the elderly and reviewed previous research data to see if the principle of Pilates rehabilitation exercise could have a positive effect on balance ability and postural stabilization in the elderly, and the purpose of this study is to present literature-based data on the fall prevention effect of rehabilitation Pilates exercise. First, the rehabilitation Pilates exercise makes it available for strengthening the center of the body to stabilize the spine and pelvis and stimulates the nerve root, thereby having an effect on the balance and the joint stabilization. Second, a proprioceptive sensory impairment and a musculoskeletal degenerative disease due to aging increase the loss of balance ability and the instability in posture maintenance, thereby coming to raise the risk of a fall damage caused by the difficulty in performing motor functions and by the gait disturbance. Third, the rehabilitation Pilates exercise leads to improving the core muscle strength in older adults, resulting in being capable of expecting the betterment in the balance and the reaction time motor function. And there is a positive impact on the improvement in body imbalance and on the stability in movement involved in the fall prevention, resulting in being able to suggest the possibility of likely contributing to a reduction in a fall risk rate. In conclusion, the rehabilitation Pilates as the elderly exercise program showed effects on the improvement in the body's muscular strength, on the upgrade in a sense of balance, and on the stabilization of core. Thus, it was considered to diminish the risk factors for a fall damage caused by musculoskeletal degeneration and to be capable of preventing a serious disorder of activity due to a chronic senile disease.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.655-668
• /
• 1994

Conventional deodorization filters using soil and compost reach the capacity limitation of deodorization in short period, because its removal mechanism primarily depends on adsorption. Therefore, in this study the experiment was performed on the removal of ammonia which is a strong inorganic malodor, frequently emitted from night soil treatment plants and sewage treatment plants, by seeding activated sludges on the bio-peat containing higher organic contents, water conservation capacity, permeability and lower pressure drop. As a result, in raw peat filter natural ammonia outlet was observed in consequence of pH increase resulted from ammonia ionizing in liquid phase. Ammonia removal mechanism primarily depended on the adsorption onto the anion colloidal substances in peat. In peat bio-filter, theoretical ammonium salts ratio was higher than that of raw peat, resulted from slight pH increase by microorganism activity, however, the experimetal value of ammonia-nitrogen accumulated in bio-peat was lower than that of raw peat because of nitrification by nitrifying bacteria. In the initial reaction period, adsorption was predominant in the ammonia removal mechanism, but nitrification was conspicuous after the middle period. Mass balance of nitrogen was established using experimental data of input $NH_3$ loading, output $NH_3$ loading, $NH_4{^+}$-N, $NO_x$-N, and Org-N. The critical time of unsteady state, which is the maximum activating point of microorganism in bio-filter, was determined using experimental data, and the ammonia adsorption curve was computed using regression analysis. On the basis of the results obtained by above analysis, the delay days for the saturation of adsoption capacity in peat bio-filter was calculated.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.375-383
• /
• 2008

Design of a weapon-carrier type of missile requires to provide a highly reliable mechanism of airframe separation and air stabilizer deployment which enables the safe release of payload at high-speed flight conditions. This mechanism is characterized by a relative dynamic motion of multiple separated bodies, proceeding as swiftly as hundreds of milli-seconds, so that the use of modeling & simulation(M&S)techniques could play a crucial role in the design. This paper presents an M&S technique which has been developed for a design of anti-submarine missile employing a clamshell type of airframe separation, and shows some major results of simulation compared to available flight test results. Emphasis of the current study was laid on a proper balance between the quick calculation, which is essential for practical design application, and the credibility of the results.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.3-8
• /
• 1994

With the recent development of sleep medicine, insomnia has been perceived as a disease from a simple symptom. As there are various causes in a disease, proper treatment according to each cause is necessary for a more effective treatment In general, insomnia is classified into five categrories of physical, physiological, psychological, psychiatric and pharmacological aspects. However, such categorizations are often insufficient in treating insomnia. Furthermore understanding of the developmental mechanisms of insomnia is required. The function of sleep is developed and maintained through the balance of the reciprocal forces of sleep and arousal. These forces are contantly regulated by what is called a circadian rhythm. Sleep is induced by this rhythm which is affected by factors such as awakening time in the morning, amount of intellectual function, amount and time length of physical exercise and sunlight Insomnia could develop when this rhythm is delayed and leads to a "forbidden zone" which is a very difficult period for inducing sleep about two to four hours before the routine bedtime. Whereas sleep gradually develops in line with the circardian rhythm, arousal can occur very abruptly by any cause triggered by emotional discomfort or anxiety. Such characteristic and emotional factors as perfectionism, separation anxiety, secondary gain, insecurity, and negative cognition may provoke the inner anxiety and fear for insomnia, which can lead acute insomnia to a chronic one. As chronic insomnia is developed by multiple causes and factors, integrated approaches through analysis of above mentioned factors will be more effective in the treatment of insomnia than a simple administration of hypnotics.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.24-28
• /
• 2013

In this paper, a procedure of design and development of a child-sized humanoid robot is described. The design concept for a humanoid robot was proposed and the mechanism of the humanoid robot which is more than 1 meter tall was designed by using 3D design tools. By considering the lightweight of the robot, the hardware for the robot was designed for optimal performance. The frames and links of the robot designed by 3D design tools was manufactured through precision machining with the material which is light and have a good strength. The manufactured child-sized humanoid robot was experimented with basic motions applied inverse kinematics and balance control, and the performance of the motions were verified.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.12 no.6
• /
• pp.240-246
• /
• 2012

Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in early surveillance against virus infection and cellular transformation, and are also implicated in the control of inflammatory response through their effector functions of direct lysis of target cells and cytokine secretion. NK cell activation toward target cell is determined by the net balance of signals transmitted from diverse activating and inhibitory receptors. A distinct feature of NK cell activation is that stimulation of resting NK cells with single activating receptor on its own cannot mount natural cytotoxicity. Instead, specific pairs of co-activation receptors are required to unleash NK cell activation via synergy- dependent mechanism. Because each co-activation receptor uses distinct signaling modules, NK cell synergy relies on the integration of such disparate signals. This explains why the study of the mechanism underlying NK cell synergy is important and necessary. Recent studies revealed that NK cell synergy depends on the integration of complementary signals converged at a critical checkpoint element but not on simple amplification of the individual signaling to overcome intrinsic activation threshold. This review focuses on the signaling events during NK cells activation and recent advances in the study of NK cell synergy.