• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.34.1-34.10
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• 2020

Background: A nationwide outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in South Korea caused massive economic losses in 2010. Since then, the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA) has enhanced disinfection systems regarding livestock to prevent horizontal transmission of FMD and Avian influenza (AI). Although the amount of disinfectant used continues to increase, cases of FMD and AI have been occurring annually in Korea, except 2012 and 2013. Objectives: This study measured the concentration of the disinfectant to determine why it failed to remove the horizontal transmission despite increased disinfectant use. Methods: Surveys were conducted from February to May 2017, collecting 348 samples from disinfection systems. The samples were analyzed using the Standards of Animal Health Products analysis methods from QIA. Results: Twenty-three facilities used inappropriate or non-approved disinfectants. Nearly all sampled livestock farms and facilities-93.9%-did not properly adjust the disinfectant concentration. The percentage using low concentrations, or where no effective substance was detected, was 46.9%. Furthermore, 13 samples from the official disinfection station did not use effective disinfectant, and-among 72 samples from the disinfection station-88.89% were considered inappropriate concentration, according to the foot-and-mouth disease virus guidelines; considering the AIV guideline, 73.61% were inappropriate concentrations. Inappropriate concentration samples on automatic (90.00%) and semi-automatic (90.90%) disinfection systems showed no significant difference from manual methods (88.24%). Despite this study being conducted during the crisis level, most disinfectants were used inappropriately. Conclusions: This may partially explain why horizontal transmission of FMD and AI cannot be effectively prevented despite extensive disinfectant use.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.205-210
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• 2022

With the rapid development of the social economy and the continuous improvement of living standards, a favorable environment has been provided for the rapid development of the tourism industry. The highly developed Internet technology has provided people with more convenient online travel. With the rapid development of online tourism, tourism-related Internet businesses are also developing rapidly. This study first introduces the research background and significance of the study, and suggests the necessity of Ctrip's business model optimization study based on the development of social economy such as online tourism development hotspots and business model research issues. Ctrip explains the current status of research inside and outside the online travel industry and business model, in-depth introduction and analysis of related concepts and theories such as online travel and OTA business models, and expands them based on expert research. Several aspects such as insufficient Ctrip's existing business model, high current operating costs, major factors affecting suppliers, and slow development of new business were suggested, and alternatives were suggested to solve these problems. Ctrip maintained a sustainable competitive edge, including Ctrip's business model optimization strategy for value creation and innovation and Internet business model optimization strategy for customer value chains.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.658-672
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Although children of ethnic minority groups are experiencing a transition from a predominance of undernutrition to overnutrition, there is little evidence of a dual-malnutrition burden. Therefore, this study examined the double burden of malnutrition among school-aged ethnic minority children living in mountainous areas and its association with their diets. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2019 to March 2020 in 3 mountainous areas of Northern Vietnam among 1,556 ethnic minority school-aged children. The prevalence of under-nutrition (stunting and thinness) and over-nutrition (overweight and obesity) were measured using the WHO 2006 child growth standards (height-for-age and BMI-for-age Z-score). Nutritional practices were evaluated by the frequency of food consumption based on a 4-level scale. RESULTS: The percentage of children with stunting and thinness were 14.0% and 5.4%, respectively, while the figure for overweight/obesity was 9.4%. The factors positively associated with stunting were living in a family with more than 2 children or being Muong/other ethnicities compared to the Tay ethnicity. Children who consumed fish/shrimps/crabs or milk weekly/daily were less likely to be undernourished compared to those who never consumed these foods. By contrast, children who never consumed foods rich in vitamin A precursors and vitamin A and fruit or consumed daily snacks/junk food were more likely to be overweight/obese. CONCLUSIONS: Undernutrition remains a common issue among school-aged children and adolescents of ethnic minority groups, while over-nutrition exists simultaneously. Public health nutrition programs promoting adequate diets and positive lifestyle changes related to nutrition are essential to tackle the double burden of malnutrition among ethnic minority children.

• Journal of Korean Dental Hygiene Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2022

Background: This study was conducted to analyze the time for re-detection of bacteria after surface disinfection using wet wipes, isopropyl alcohol, and benzalkonium chloride antibacterial tissue and provide standards for re-execution of surface disinfection with wet and antibacterial tissues. Methods: Seven laptops were wiped with wet tissue and isopropyl alcohol and benzalkonium chloride antibacterial tissues. Test areas were rubbed with a sterile cotton swab at baseline and after 30, 60, and 120 min. After plating on a tryptic soy agar medium, the number of colonies was counted by culturing at 36.5℃ for 24 h. Results: The average number of bacterial colonies was 5.85 ± 4.33 before isopropyl alcohol wiping and nil after wiping. The average number of bacterial colonies was 12.28 ± 14.67 benzalkonium chloride wiping and nil after wiping. Before wiping with wet wipes, the average number of bacterial colonies on laptop surfaces was 3.42 ± 5.22. Bacteria decreased after wiping with wet wipes but increased again over time. Conclusions: Wet wipes can temporarily reduce bacteria but are unsuitable for removing bacteria.

• Journal of Korean Dental Hygiene Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 2022

Background: This study aimed to create and present content that can be used in the dental hygiene ethics process to help dental hygiene students develop desirable work ethics and ethical values. Methods: In order to operate the dental hygiene ethics course in all academic systems, one three-year dental hygiene professor and one four-year dental hygiene professor participated in setting core competencies and learning goals for the dental hygiene ethics course. The class consisted of two credits, two hours of theoretical classes, and class activity sheets developed according to the learning contents and learning topics for each week that can be operated for 15 weeks. Results: The contents of the dental hygiene ethics subject were developed to be conducted as theoretical education and case-oriented discussion classes. The 15-week class consisted of a theory lecture on dental hygiene work ethics (eight weeks), discussions and presentations for ethical decisions based on actual cases related to dental hygiene ethics (four weeks), and the design and presentation of individual professional mission statements and codes of conduct (three weeks). The class data for each week consisted of four stages: "Learning goal-thinking," "open-thinking," "learning content-thinking," and "according to learning goal." Conclusions: In order to establish desirable workplace ethics and ethical values for dental hygiene students, it is necessary to approach education in a way that values understanding and application of dental hygiene practices, legal and ethical standards, ethical decision-making models, and ethical principles.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.22.1-22.12
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• 2023

Background: Citric acid (CA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) have been used to disinfect animals to protect them against avian influenza and foot-and-mouth disease. Objectives: We performed a good laboratory practice (GLP)-compliant animal toxicity study to assess the acute toxic effects of CA and NaOCl aerosol exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Groups of five rats per sex were exposed for 4 h to four concentrations of the two chemicals, i.e., 0.00, 0.22, 0.67, and 2.00 mg/L, using a nose-only exposure. After a single exposure to the chemicals, clinical signs, body weight, and mortality was observed during the observation period. On day 15, an autopsy, and then gross findings, and histopathological analysis were performed. Results: After exposure to CA and NaOCl, body weight loss was observed but recovered. Two males died in the CA 2.00 mg/L group and, two males and one female died in the 2.00 mg/L NaOCl group. In the gross findings and histopathological analysis, discoloration of the lungs was observed in the CA exposed group and inflammatory lesions with discoloration of the lungs were observed in the NaOCl exposed group. These results suggest that the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of CA is 1.73390 mg/L for males and > 1.70 mg/L for females. For NaOCl, the LC50 was 2.22222 mg/L for males and 2.39456 mg/L for females. Conclusions: The Globally Harmonized System is category 4 for both CA and NaOCl. In this study, the LC50 results were obtained through a GLP-based acute inhalation toxicity assessment. These results provide useful data to reset safety standards for CA and NaOCl use.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.sup1
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• pp.57-69
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D is produced in the skin during sun exposure and is also ingested from foods. The role of vitamin D needs to be considered in the prevention and management of various diseases. Moreover, since the majority of Koreans spend their days indoors, becoming susceptible to the risk of vitamin D deficiency. The current study aims to prepare a basis for determining dietary reference intake of vitamin D in Korea, by reviewing the evidence against various diseases and risks. MATERIALS/METHODS: Literature published in Korea and other countries between 2014 and 2018 was prioritized based on their study design and other criteria, and evaluated using the RoB 2.0 assessment form and United States Department of Agriculture Nutrition Evidence Library Conclusion Statement Evaluation Criteria. RESULTS: Of the 1,709 studies, 128 studies were included in the final systematic analysis after screening. To set the dietary reference intakes of vitamin D based on the selected articles, blood 25(OH)D levels and indicators of bone health were used collectively. Blood vitamin D levels and ultraviolet (UV) exposure time derived from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed to establish the dietary reference intakes of vitamin D for each stage of the life cycle. The adequate intake levels of vitamin D, according to age and gender, were determined to be in the range of 5-15 ㎍/day, and the tolerable upper intake level was established at 25-100 ㎍/day. CONCLUSIONS: The most important variable for vitamin D nutrition is lifestyle. A balanced diet comprising foods with high contents of vitamin D is important, as is vitamin D synthesis after UV exposure. The adequate intake level of vitamin D mentioned in the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRI) remained unchanged in the 2020 KDRI for the management of vitamin D nutrition in Koreans.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.68-76
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• 2023

Background: In the process of discussion on the possibility of using radionuclide-contaminated soil and debris generated by radiation disasters, a strategy for the proper management of radiation exposure protection while considering the source of the contaminated materials is necessary. Materials and Methods: The radiological protection criteria that are likely to be applied to the source-related approach based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection recommendations and the International Atomic Energy Agency safety standards are summarized. We proposed five interpretations of radiation protection to contribute to the promotion of discussion on the possibility of using a part of low-level-radionuclide-contaminated soil and debris in the post-accident rehabilitation. Interpretations I to III are based on the idea of "using a reference level to protect the public in post-accident rehabilitation," whereas IV and V are based on the idea of "using the dose constraint to protect the public in the post-accident rehabilitation when the sources are handled in a planned activity." The former idea is subdivided into three based on the definition of the source, which is managed by the reference level, and the latter idea is divided into two depending on whether or not additional dose from using contaminated materials is deemed acceptable. Results and Discussion: To confirm the applicability of the five interpretations presented, we suggested the concrete values of protection criteria via two feasible cases. In this case study, we proposed radiation protection by the dose constraint based on the Interpretation IV and chose 1 mSv/yr for the public and 20 mSv/yr for workers dealing with radionuclide-contaminated materials. Conclusion: We concretely and systematically demonstrated how the concept of radiation protection can be applied to the process of discussion on the possibility of using radionuclide-contaminated materials within the framework of an international system of protection. This study's findings can provide necessary information to discuss the possibility of using radionuclide-contaminated materials as an alternative option for recovery and reconstruction after a radiation disaster from the viewpoint of radiation protection.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.84-89
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• 2023

Background: Food consumption is one of the most important routes for radionuclide intake for the public; therefore, there is the need to have a comprehensive understanding of the amount of radioactivity in food products. Consumption of radionuclide-contaminated food could increase potential health risks associated with exposure to radiation such as cancers. The present study aims to determine radioactivity levels in some food products (milk, rice, sugar, and wheat flour) consumed in Mali and to evaluate the radiological effect on the public health from these radionuclides. Materials and Methods: The health impact due to ingestion of radionuclides from these foods was evaluated by the determination of activity concentration of radionuclides ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K, and ¹³⁷Cs using gamma spectrometry system with high-purity germanium detector and radiological hazards index in 16 samples collected in some markets, mall, and shops of Bamako-Mali. Results and Discussion: The average activity concentrations were 9.8±0.6 Bq/kg for ²³⁸U, 8.7±0.5 Bq/kg for ²³²Th, 162.9±7.9 Bq/kg for ⁴⁰K, and 0.0035±0.0005 Bq/kg for ¹³⁷Cs. The mean values of radiological hazard parameters such as annual committed effective dose, internal hazard index, and risk assessment from this work were within the dose criteria limits given by international organizations (International Commission on Radiological Protection and United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation) and national standards. Conclusion: The results show low public exposure to radioactivity and associated radiological impact on public health. Nevertheless, this study stipulates vital data for future research and regulatory authorities in Mali.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.344-354
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Although antibiotics have contributed to treatment of bacterial infection, the antibiotic abuse can lead to antibiotic resistant bacteria. Impact of human activities on distribution of antibiotic resistance has been intensively issued and occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in contaminated environments would not be a surprise. Nonetheless, anthropogenic contamination with the dissemination of antibiotic resistance along uncontaminated environments has been less considered. The aim of this study is to investigate antibiotic resistant bacteria across Ulleungdo, known as antibiotic resistance free and anthropogenic pollution free environment in Rep. of Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: Antibiotic resistant bacteria in coastal seawater of Ulleungdo were investigated in July 2021. Antibiotic susceptibility test using the disk diffusion method was applied with six drugs according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline. Total 43 bacterial isolates were tested and 20 isolates among of them showed multidrug resistance. Particularly, the number and ratio of resistant bacteria were relatively high in a densely populated area of Ulleungdo. The bacterial communities were investigated using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding approach in the coastal seawater and soils of Ulleungdo. In the bacterial communities, Firmicutes were selectively distributed only in seawater, suggesting the possibility of anthropogenic contamination in coastal seawater of Ulleungdo. CONCLUSION(S): We found antibiotic resistant bacteria in a populated area of Ulleungdo. The occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in Ulleungdo seems to result from the recent anthropogenic impact. Consistent monitoring of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the uncontaminated environment needs to considered for future risk assessment of antibiotics.