Journal of Veterinary Science

The Korean Society of Veterinary Science (대한수의학회)
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Assessment of acute inhalation toxicity of citric acid and sodium hypochlorite in rats

  • Jinhee Kim (Inhaolation toxicology research group, Korea Institute of Toxicology) ;
  • Chul-Min Park (Inhaolation toxicology research group, Korea Institute of Toxicology) ;
  • Su Hyun Choi (Inhaolation toxicology research group, Korea Institute of Toxicology) ;
  • Mi Jin Yang (Inhaolation toxicology research group, Korea Institute of Toxicology) ;
  • Ju-Yeon Lee (Inhaolation toxicology research group, Korea Institute of Toxicology) ;
  • Byung-Suk Jeon (Veterinary drugs and biologics division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency) ;
  • Hyun-Ok Ku (Veterinary drugs and biologics division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency) ;
  • Min-Seok Kim (Inhaolation toxicology research group, Korea Institute of Toxicology)
  • Received : 2022.10.12
  • Accepted : 2022.12.28
  • Published : 2023.03.31
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Abstract

Background: Citric acid (CA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) have been used to disinfect animals to protect them against avian influenza and foot-and-mouth disease. Objectives: We performed a good laboratory practice (GLP)-compliant animal toxicity study to assess the acute toxic effects of CA and NaOCl aerosol exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Groups of five rats per sex were exposed for 4 h to four concentrations of the two chemicals, i.e., 0.00, 0.22, 0.67, and 2.00 mg/L, using a nose-only exposure. After a single exposure to the chemicals, clinical signs, body weight, and mortality was observed during the observation period. On day 15, an autopsy, and then gross findings, and histopathological analysis were performed. Results: After exposure to CA and NaOCl, body weight loss was observed but recovered. Two males died in the CA 2.00 mg/L group and, two males and one female died in the 2.00 mg/L NaOCl group. In the gross findings and histopathological analysis, discoloration of the lungs was observed in the CA exposed group and inflammatory lesions with discoloration of the lungs were observed in the NaOCl exposed group. These results suggest that the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of CA is 1.73390 mg/L for males and > 1.70 mg/L for females. For NaOCl, the LC50 was 2.22222 mg/L for males and 2.39456 mg/L for females. Conclusions: The Globally Harmonized System is category 4 for both CA and NaOCl. In this study, the LC50 results were obtained through a GLP-based acute inhalation toxicity assessment. These results provide useful data to reset safety standards for CA and NaOCl use.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors thank the Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT) technical staff of the Inhalation Toxicology Research Group for their technical support.

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