• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.225-241
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• 2020

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the ratio of outside directors, especially the ratio of outside directors according to their tenure, on firm value. Design/methodology/approach - This study collected total 3,861 firm-year data about companies listed KRX KOSPI market in Korea. The Pooled Ordinary Least Square Model and Panel Fixed Effects Model were hired in order to analyze the data. Findings - First, it was found that the ratio of outside directors for total sample had no significant effect on firm value, and the estimation coefficient of dummy variable for the average tenure less than 3 years had a significant positive(+) effect on firm value. Second, the ratio of outside directors corresponding to the tenure of less than 3 years had a significant positive(+) effect on the firm value. On the contrary, the ratio of outside directors corresponding to the tenure of 3 years or more had a significant negative(-) effect on firm value. Third, the ratio of outside directors corresponding to the tenure for more than 6 years did not show any significant influence on firm value. Research implications or Originality - First, if other matters are not additionally considered, keeping the tenure of outside directors shortly on average could help to increase firm value. Second, in the case of firms facing the decision to reappoint outside directors for the first time, it is highly likely that the firm value would decrease on average, so careful decisionmaking considering various aspects is required. However, this study does not take into account the legal standards for the appointment of outside directors, diversity of outside directors, and the actual independence of outside directors according to other criteria in the analysis. Therefore, if these factors are considered, there is a possibility that the empirical analysis results of this study may show different patterns.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.243-245
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• 2000

can be determined from the number and weight average molecular weight. When the value of the exponent, a, appearing in the relation between the intrinsic viscosity and the viscosity average molecular weight, is in the range from 0.6 to 0.8, as is the case for the most polymers, the viscosity average molecular weight is much more close to the weight average molecular weight than to the number average molecular weight.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.135-156
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• 2020

다양한 자료를 수집, 정리 및 해석하는 통계의 주요 과정에서 수집된 자료를 올바르게 해석하기 위해서는 자료의 요약이 중요하다. 대푯값은 통계 집단의 변량 전체를 대표하여 그 자료 전체의 특징을 하나의 수로 나타낸 값으로 자료를 조직하고 요약하기 위하여 사용된다. 대푯값에는 여러 가지 형태가 있으나, 우리나라 초등학교 수학과 교육과정에서는 대푯값으로 평균만을 다루고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 초등학교 5학년 학생들이 평균 단원을 학습하기 전 대푯값에 대하여 갖는 비형식적 지식 유형을 알아보고, 평균 단원을 학습한 후와 비교하여 대푯값에 대한 지식의 변화를 살펴봄으로써 학교 수학에서 대푯값 지도에 대한 시사점을 제공하고자 하였다. 그 결과 형식적인 학습을 하기 전 학생들이 대푯값에 대해 풍부한 지식을 가지고 있었고, 이러한 비형식적 지식이 형식화된 개념 유형과 유사함을 알 수 있었다. 초등학생의 대푯값에 대한 비형식적 유형을 살펴보는 것은 초등학교에서 다루어야 하는 대푯값 개념 및 지도 방법에 대하여 시사점을 줄 수 있으며, 중·고등학교에서 대푯값 개념의 형식화를 위한 학습에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2013

Purpose: As UBC IRMA is being tested, patients out of the reference value are reacting within the value again a few days later the urine collection tested, which causes the reliability of the test to decrease as a result. In this study, we can assume that the physiological changes in the factors would affect the results. The purpose of the study is to find out whether hematuria and proteinuria in the sample as well as the interval time (3 hours or more recommended) have affected the results. As a result, we could discover the changes in factors and increase the reliability of the test. Materials and Methods: 468 people (female: 249, male: 219) who came for the check-up were presented herein for medical examination from 2013.3.15 to 2013.1.2. Some people out of 468 who have reacted onto the reference value were divided into group low titer zone, ow-middle titer zone, and middle-high titer zone and tested for hematuria and proteinuria. During that period, 48 outpatients were asked to fill in a questionnaire regarding the urination interval time. The reagents used were (IDL Biotech AB, Sweden) and UBC IRMA. Results: Of the patients that are formed in the reference value of ($0.1-34.0{\mu}g/L$) turn out to be 52.7 years average age in their low concentration, ($mean{\pm}SD$) of the value of $0.10{\pm}0.02{\mu}g/L$. Among 80 people (50.8%, female: 49.2%), 16 patients (20%) have shown reaction to microscopic hematuria and 10 patients (12.5%) responded to proteinuria. In the average low concentration under 52.5 years of average age, 43 people (53%) have shown reaction to microscopic hematuria and 21 people (26.3%) are proteinuric patients out of 80 patients (male: 50.8%, female: 51.3%). In the middle high concentration of $11.8{\pm}4.82{\mu}g/L$ under the average age 51.7 years, 35 patients (53%) have responded to the microscopic hematuria and proteinuric patients are 26 people (39.3%) out of 66 people (men: 44%, women: 56%). In addition, in the concentration of $51.7{\pm}43.5{\mu}g/L$, some patients who get out of the reference value are observed as the average age of 52.0. 11 patients (78.6%) out of 14 (male: 35.7%, female: 64.3%) react to the microscopic hematuria. There show 6 people (42.8%) who turn out to be as proteinuric patients. As for the interval time, $1.67{\pm}3.71{\mu}g/L$ was the average value among 48 patients (female: 45.8%, male: 54.2%). Conclusion: We cannot see if proteinuria and hematuria directly affect abnormal results of inspection of 8,18 cytokeratin; however, we can find out that they statistically have an influence on highly generating UBC among several mechanisms. Also, although urination interval time was various every 15 minutes, we it does not affect these results.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.6-13
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• 2012

An improved algorithm for image quality assessment is presented. First a simple model of human visual system, consisting of a nonlinear function and a 2-D filter, processes the input images. This filter has one user-defined parameter, whose value depends on the reference image. This way the algorithm can adapt to different scenarios. In the next step the average value of locally computed correlation coefficients between the two processed images is found. This criterion is closely related to the way in which human observer assesses image quality. Finally, image quality measure is computed as the average value of locally computed correlation coefficients, adjusted by the average correlation coefficient between the reference and error images. By this approach the proposed measure differentiates between the random and signal dependant distortions, which have different effects on human observer. Performance of the proposed quality measure is illustrated by examples involving images with different types of degradation.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.715-722
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• 2012

New discrete time domain models for the peak current controlled (PCC) power LED drivers in continuous conduction mode include for the first time the effects of the time delay in the pulse-width-modulator. Realistic amounts of time delay are found to have significant effects on the average output LED current and on the critical inductor value at the boundary between the two conduction modes. Especially, the time delay can provide an accurate LED current for the PCC buck converter with a wide input voltage. The models can also predict the critical inductor value at the mode boundary as functions of the input voltage and the time delay. The overshoot of the peak inductor current due to the time delay results in the increase of the average output current and the reduction of the critical inductor value at the mode boundary in all converters. Experimental results are presented for the PCC buck LED driver with constant-frequency controller.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.90-97
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• 2019

This study investigated the healthcare status of South Korea and member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). By employing the position value for relative comparison index, healthcare status was measured through the following components: demand, supply, accessibility, quality, and cost. Statistical analysis was conducted through the Mann-Kendall test from analyzing trends from 2000 onwards. Results showed that while Korea, on average, scores higher than the OECD average in most of the investigated components, it is below average in certain indexes including primary care and mental health care. Considering the various health issues that have been raised about these indexes, it is important these components be improved upon by policy-makers.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.46-52
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• 1982

Activities of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase [SGPT], serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT] and serum lactic dehydrogenase [LDH] were determined during and after surgery In a total of 18 patients with heart diseases Including 8 cases of congenital heart anomaly and 10 cases of acquired valvular diseases who undergone open heart surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. The results obtained are as follows: 1]The average value of the activity of SGPT before the surgery was $27.94{\pm}12.24$ units. The value was increased following the operation and reached to the maximum value of $43.83{\pm}37.02$ units 2 days after the operation, which was slightly deviated from the normal range. The enzyme activity returned to the normal range of $32.82{\pm}23.61$ units 4 days after the operation. 2]The average value of the activity of SGOT before the surgery was observed to be $30.5{\pm}11.29$ units. The value increased during the operation and reached to the maximum value of $95.56{\pm}43.38$ units. 2 days after the operation, the enzyme activity was gradually decreased thereafter and returned to the normal range 6 days after the operation. 3]The average value of the activity of serum LDH before the surgery was found to be $258.0{\pm}88.96$ units. The value was increased during the operation and reached to the maximum value of $930.55{\pm} 258.23$ units 2 days after the operation. The enzyme activity was gradually decreased thereafter and returned to normal range 7 days after the operation. 4]It was observed that the longer the time required for the extracorporeal circulation in the open heart surgery became, the greater the changed in activity of SGOT, SGPT and serum LDH were found.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.144-158
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• 1974

This study was undertaken in an attempt to; 1) measure value orientation of nursing activities, 2) identify the relationship between nurse's role perception and patient's expectation, and 3) evaluate the pattern of nursing education and nursing service administration. 203 hospitalized adults and 203 professional nurses from 11 general hospitals in Seoul during the period of July to December 1973 were tested according to questionnaire based on 4 categories of clinical nursing activities, 1) physical care, 2) observation and control, 3) psycho-social care and 4) therapeutic measures. Results of the study are as follows: 1. Nurses were more concerned than patients in the physical care category. Significant difference was revealed by p<.01 level (t=2.800). Mean value score of nurses was average (2.84), and mean value score of patients was relative' y low (2.49). None of the physical care category questionnaire items were over 3.5. 2. Respondents from hospitals of total care system revealed significant difference in the physical care category by P〈.025 level. (t=2.242). Mean value score of both group were average level (nurse 2.90, patient 2.53), nurses showed higher concern. 3. Difference between nurse's role perception and patient's expectation in observation and control category was revealed non- significance by p〉0.05. level (t=1.238). Mean value score of both group revealed relatively high (nurse=3.44, patient 3.19). 4. Difference between nurse's role perception and patient〉expectation in psycho-social cart category revealed non- significance by p〉.05 level (t=0.758), Mean value score of both group revealed average level (nurse =2.71, patient =2.53), 5. Non- significant difference was noted between B. S. N. and diploma nurse's role perception in the psycho- social care category by p> 0.1 level (t=0.316). 4. Difference between nurse's role perception and patient's expectation in the rapeutic me assures category revealed non- significance by p〉0.05 level) t=0.503). Horses showed high concern by mean value score 3.56 level and patients relatively high by 3.41. All items of this category revealed very high or relatively high value score.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2004

본 연구는 임상적으로 증상이 없는 단순흉부방사선사진에서 심흉비를 측정하였고 남자 263명(52%), 여자 237명(48%) 등 500명을 대상으로 하였다. 500명 전체에 대한 심흉비의 평균은 0.48이었으며 일반적인 정상 심흉비 0.50보다 낮은 경우가 319명(63.8%), 정상치 0.50보다 높은 경우가 181명(36.2%)으로 나타났다. 정상 심흉비 0.50보다 높은 심흉비를 보인 181명의 연령대별 분석에서 30대는 17명으로 9.4%를 차지하고 있으며 30대 대상자 125명 기준으로는 13.7%, 전체 대상자 500명 기준으로는 3.4%가 정상치보다 높게 나타났다. 40대는 22명으로 12%를 차지하고 있으며 40대 대상자 125명 기준으로는 17.7%, 전체 대상자 500명 기준으로는 4.4%가 정상치보다 높게 나타났다. 50대는 54명으로 30%를 차지하고 있으며 50대 대상자 125명 기준으로는 43%, 전체 대상자 500명 기준으로는 10.8%가 정상치보다 높게 나타났다. 60대는 88명으로 49%를 차지하고 있으며 60대 대상자 125명 기준으로는 69%, 전체 대상자 500명 기준으로는 17.6%가 정상치보다 높게 나타났다.